RFID Handbook Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication
This is the third revised edition of the established and trusted RFID Handbook; the most comprehensive introduction to radio frequency identification (RFID) available. This essential new edition contains information on electronic product code (EPC) and the EPC global network, and explains near-field...
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| Hlavný autor: | |
|---|---|
| Médium: | E-kniha |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
Newark
Wiley
2010
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated Wiley-Blackwell |
| Vydanie: | 3 |
| Predmet: | |
| ISBN: | 0470695064, 9780470695067 |
| On-line prístup: | Získať plný text |
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- Preface to the Third Edition List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Automatic Identification Systems 1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems 1.3 Components of an RFID System 2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems 2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features 2.2 Transponder Construction Formats 2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling 2.4 Active and Passive Transponder 2.5 Information Processing in the Transponder 2.6 Selection Criteria for RFID Systems 3 Fundamental Operating Principles 3.1 1-Bit Transponder 3.2 Full- and Half-Duplex Procedure 3.3 Sequential Procedures 3.4 Near-Field Communication (NFC) 4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems 4.1 Magnetic Field 4.2 Electromagnetic Waves 4.3 Surface Waves 5 Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations 5.1 Frequency Ranges Used 5.2 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 5.3 European Licensing Regulations 5.4 National Licensing Regulations in Europe 5.5 National Licensing Regulations 5.6 Comparison of National Regulations 6 Coding and Modulation 6.1 Coding in the Baseband 6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures 7 Data Integrity 7.1 The Checksum Procedure 7.2 Multi-Access Procedures – Anticollision 8 Security of RFID Systems 8.1 Attacks on RFID Systems 8.2 Protection by Cryptographic Measures 9 Standardisation 9.1 Animal Identification 9.2 Contactless Smart Cards 9.3 ISO/IEC 69873 – Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices 9.4 ISO/IEC 10374 – Container Identification 9.5 VDI 4470 – Anti-theft Systems for Goods 9.6 Item Management 10 The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers 10.1 Transponder with Memory Function 10.2 Microprocessors 10.3 Memory Technology 10.4 Measuring Physical Variables 11 Readers 11.1 Data Flow in an Application 11.2 Components of a Reader 11.3 Integrated Reader ICs 11.4 Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems 11.5 Reader Designs 11.6 Near-Field Communication 12 The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless Smart Cards 12.1 Glass and Plastic Transponders 12.2 Contactless Smart Cards 13 Example Applications 13.1 Contactless Smart Cards 13.2 Public Transport 13.3 Contactless Payment Systems 13.4 NFC Applications 13.5 Electronic Passport 13.6 Ski Tickets 13.7 Access Control 13.8 Transport Systems 13.9 Animal Identification 13.10 Electronic Immobilisation 13.11 Container Identification 13.12 Sporting Events 13.13 Industrial Automation 14 Appendix 14.1 Contact Addresses, Associations and Technical Periodicals 14.2 Relevant Standards and Regulations 14.3 Printed Circuit Board Layouts References Index
- 4.1.7 Resonance -- 4.1.8 Practical Operation of the Transponder -- 4.1.9 Interrogation Field Strength Hmin -- 4.1.10 Total Transponder-Reader System -- 4.1.11 Measurement of System Parameters -- 4.1.12 Magnetic Materials -- 4.2 Electromagnetic Waves -- 4.2.1 The Generation of Electromagnetic Waves -- 4.2.2 Radiation Density S -- 4.2.3 Characteristic Wave Impedance and Field Strength E -- 4.2.4 Polarisation of Electromagnetic Waves -- 4.2.5 Antennas -- 4.2.6 Practical Operation of Microwave Transponders -- 4.3 Surface Waves -- 4.3.1 The Creation of a Surface Wave -- 4.3.2 Reflection of a Surface Wave -- 4.3.3 Functional Diagram of SAW Transponders -- 4.3.4 The Sensor Effect -- 4.3.5 Switched Sensors -- 5 Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations -- 5.1 Frequency Ranges Used -- 5.1.1 Frequency Range 9-135 kHz -- 5.1.2 Frequency Range 6.78MHz (ISM) -- 5.1.3 Frequency Range 13.56MHz (ISM, SRD) -- 5.1.4 Frequency Range 27.125MHz (ISM) -- 5.1.5 Frequency Range 40.680MHz (ISM) -- 5.1.6 Frequency Range 433.920MHz (ISM) -- 5.1.7 UHF Frequency Range -- 5.1.8 Frequency Range 2.45GHz (ISM, SRD) -- 5.1.9 Frequency Range 5.8GHz (ISM, SRD) -- 5.1.10 Frequency Range 24.125GHz -- 5.1.11 Selection of a Suitable Frequency for Inductively Coupled RFID Systems -- 5.2 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) -- 5.3 European Licensing Regulations -- 5.3.1 CEPT/ERC REC 70-03 -- 5.3.2 Standardised Measuring Procedures -- 5.4 National Licensing Regulations in Europe -- 5.4.1 Germany -- 5.5 National Licensing Regulations -- 5.5.1 USA -- 5.6 Comparison of National Regulations -- 5.6.1 Conversion at 13.56MHz -- 5.6.2 Conversion on UHF -- 6 Coding and Modulation -- 6.1 Coding in the Baseband -- 6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures -- 6.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) -- 6.2.2 2 FSK -- 6.2.3 2 PSK -- 6.2.4 Modulation Procedures with Subcarrier -- 7 Data Integrity
- Intro -- RFID HANDBOOK -- Contents -- Preface to the Third Edition -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Automatic Identification Systems -- 1.1.1 Barcode Systems -- 1.1.2 Optical Character Recognition -- 1.1.3 Biometric Procedures -- 1.1.4 Smart Cards -- 1.1.5 RFID Systems -- 1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems -- 1.3 Components of an RFID System -- 2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems -- 2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features -- 2.2 Transponder Construction Formats -- 2.2.1 Disks and Coins -- 2.2.2 Glass Housing -- 2.2.3 Plastic Housing -- 2.2.4 Tool and Gas Bottle Identification -- 2.2.5 Keys and Key Fobs -- 2.2.6 Clocks -- 2.2.7 ID-1 Format, Contactless Smart Cards -- 2.2.8 Smart Label -- 2.2.9 Coil-on-Chip -- 2.2.10 Other Formats -- 2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling -- 2.4 Active and Passive Transponders -- 2.5 Information Processing in the Transponder -- 2.6 Selection Criteria for RFID Systems -- 2.6.1 Operating Frequency -- 2.6.2 Range -- 2.6.3 Security Requirements -- 2.6.4 Memory Capacity -- 3 Fundamental Operating Principles -- 3.1 1-Bit Transponder -- 3.1.1 Radio Frequency -- 3.1.2 Microwaves -- 3.1.3 Frequency Divider -- 3.1.4 Electromagnetic Types -- 3.1.5 Acoustomagnetic -- 3.2 Full- and Half-Duplex Procedure -- 3.2.1 Inductive Coupling -- 3.2.2 Electromagnetic Backscatter Coupling -- 3.2.3 Close-Coupling -- 3.2.4 Data Transfer Reader → Transponder -- 3.2.5 Electrical Coupling -- 3.3 Sequential Procedures -- 3.3.1 Inductive Coupling -- 3.3.2 Surface Acoustic Wave Transponder -- 3.4 Near-Field Communication (NFC) -- 3.4.1 Active Mode -- 3.4.2 Passive Mode -- 4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems -- 4.1 Magnetic Field -- 4.1.1 Magnetic Field Strength H -- 4.1.2 Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density -- 4.1.3 Inductance L -- 4.1.4 Mutual Inductance M -- 4.1.5 Coupling Coefficient k -- 4.1.6 Faraday's Law
- 7.1 The Checksum Procedure -- 7.1.1 Parity Checking -- 7.1.2 LRC Procedure -- 7.1.3 CRC Procedure -- 7.2 Multi-Access Procedures - Anticollision -- 7.2.1 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) -- 7.2.2 Frequency Domain Multiple Access (FDMA) -- 7.2.3 Time Domain Multiple Access (TDMA) -- 7.2.4 Examples of Anticollision Procedures -- 8 Security of RFID Systems -- 8.1 Attacks on RFID Systems -- 8.1.1 Attacks on the Transponder -- 8.1.2 Attacks on the RF Interface -- 8.2 Protection by Cryptographic Measures -- 8.2.1 Mutual Symmetrical Authentication -- 8.2.2 Authentication using Derived Keys -- 8.2.3 Encrypted Data Transfer -- 9 Standardisation -- 9.1 Animal Identification -- 9.1.1 ISO/IEC 11784 - Code Structure -- 9.1.2 ISO/IEC 11785 - Technical Concept -- 9.1.3 ISO/IEC 14223 - Advanced Transponders -- 9.2 Contactless Smart Cards -- 9.2.1 ISO/IEC 10536 - Close-Coupling Smart Cards -- 9.2.2 ISO/IEC 14443 - Proximity-Coupling Smart Cards -- 9.2.3 ISO/IEC 15693 - Vicinity-Coupling Smart Cards -- 9.2.4 ISO/IEC 10373 - Test Methods for Smart Cards -- 9.3 ISO/IEC 69873 - Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices -- 9.4 ISO/IEC 10374 - Container Identification -- 9.5 VDI 4470 - Anti-theft Systems for Goods -- 9.5.1 Part 1 - Detection Gates - Inspection Guidelines for Customers -- 9.5.2 Part 2 - Deactivation Devices - Inspection Guidelines for Customers -- 9.6 Item Management -- 9.6.1 ISO/IEC 18000 Series -- 9.6.2 GTAG Initiative -- 9.6.3 EPCglobal Network -- 10 The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers -- 10.1 Transponder with Memory Function -- 10.1.1 RF Interface -- 10.1.2 Address and Security Logic -- 10.1.3 Memory Architecture -- 10.2 Microprocessors -- 10.2.1 Dual Interface Card -- 10.3 Memory Technology -- 10.3.1 RAM -- 10.3.2 EEPROM -- 10.3.3 FRAM -- 10.3.4 Performance Comparison FRAM - EEPROM -- 10.4 Measuring Physical Variables
- 10.4.1 Transponder with Sensor Functions -- 10.4.2 Measurements Using Microwave Transponders -- 10.4.3 Sensor Effect in Surface Wave Transponders -- 11 Readers -- 11.1 Data Flow in an Application -- 11.2 Components of a Reader -- 11.2.1 RF Interface -- 11.2.2 Control Unit -- 11.3 Integrated Reader ICs -- 11.3.1 Integrated RF Interface -- 11.3.2 Single-Chip Reader IC -- 11.4 Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems -- 11.4.1 Connection Using Current Matching -- 11.4.2 Supply via Coaxial Cable -- 11.4.3 The Influence of the Q Factor -- 11.5 Reader Designs -- 11.5.1 OEM Readers -- 11.5.2 Readers for Industrial Use -- 11.5.3 Portable Readers -- 11.6 Near-Field Communication -- 11.6.1 Secure NFC -- 12 The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless Smart Cards -- 12.1 Glass and Plastic Transponders -- 12.1.1 Chip Manufacture -- 12.1.2 Glass Transponders -- 12.1.3 Plastic Transponders -- 12.2 Contactless Smart Cards -- 12.2.1 Coil Manufacture -- 12.2.2 Connection Technique -- 12.2.3 Lamination -- 13 Example Applications -- 13.1 Contactless Smart Cards -- 13.2 Public Transport -- 13.2.1 The Starting Point -- 13.2.2 Requirements -- 13.2.3 Benefits of RFID Systems -- 13.2.4 Fare Systems using Electronic Payment -- 13.2.5 Market Potential -- 13.2.6 Example Projects -- 13.3 Contactless Payment Systems -- 13.3.1 MasterCard -- 13.3.2 ExpressPay by American Express -- 13.3.3 Visa Contactless -- 13.3.4 ExxonMobil Speedpass -- 13.4 NFC Applications -- 13.5 Electronic Passport -- 13.6 Ski Tickets -- 13.7 Access Control -- 13.7.1 Online Systems -- 13.7.2 Offline Systems -- 13.7.3 Transponders -- 13.8 Transport Systems -- 13.8.1 Eurobalise S21 -- 13.8.2 International Container Transport -- 13.9 Animal Identification -- 13.9.1 Stock Keeping -- 13.9.2 Carrier Pigeon Races -- 13.10 Electronic Immobilisation -- 13.10.1 The Functionality of an Immobilisation System
- 13.10.2 Brief Success Story -- 13.10.3 Predictions -- 13.11 Container Identification -- 13.11.1 Gas Bottles and Chemical Containers -- 13.11.2 Waste Disposal -- 13.12 Sporting Events -- 13.13 Industrial Automation -- 13.13.1 Tool Identification -- 13.13.2 Industrial Production -- 13.14 Medical Applications -- 14 Appendix -- 14.1 Contact Addresses, Associations and Technical Periodicals -- 14.1.1 Industrial Associations -- 14.1.2 Technical Journals -- 14.1.3 RFID on the Internet -- 14.2 Relevant Standards and Regulations -- 14.2.1 Standardisation Bodies -- 14.2.2 List of Standards -- 14.2.3 Sources for Standards and Regulations -- 14.3 Printed Circuit Board Layouts -- 14.3.1 Test Card in Accordance with ISO 14443 -- 14.3.2 Field Generator Coil -- 14.3.3 Reader for 13.56MHz -- References -- Index