Fundamentals of ecosystem science
Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science, Second Edition provides a comprehensive introduction to modern ecosystem science covering land, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Ecosystem science is now applied to address a wide range of environmental problems. Written by a group of experts, this updated edition...
Uloženo v:
| Hlavní autoři: | , , |
|---|---|
| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
London
Academic Press
2021
Elsevier Science & Technology |
| Vydání: | 2 |
| Témata: | |
| ISBN: | 9780128127629, 0128127627 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
Obsah:
- The Global Carbon Balance at Longer Timescales -- Summary of the Global Carbon Cycle -- The Carbon Cycle in Selected Ecosystems -- A Temperate Hardwood Forested Ecosystem -- A Tidal, Freshwater River -- A Temperate Grassland -- Small Mesotrophic Lakes -- The Case of the Amazon -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: The Nitrogen Cycle -- Introduction -- The Global Picture -- Nitrogen Cycle Processes -- Nitrogen Fixation -- Nitrogen Mineralization and Immobilization -- Nitrification -- Denitrification -- Other Dissimilatory Processes (DNRA and Anammox) -- Hydrologic Losses -- Nitrogen Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Pools and Fluxes -- Ecosystem Development -- Site Controls -- Agriculture -- Nitrogen Cycling in Aquatic Ecosystems -- Lakes and Oceans -- Streams and Rivers -- Groundwater -- Nitrogen Balances: The Enigma of Missing Nitrogen -- References -- Chapter 9: The Phosphorus Cycle -- Introduction -- Background -- The Importance of Phosphorus in Terrestrial Ecosystems -- The Importance of Phosphorus in Agricultural Ecosystems -- The Importance of Phosphorus in Aquatic Ecosystems -- The Importance of Phosphorus in Freshwater Systems -- The Importance of Phosphorus in Marine Systems -- The Global Phosphorus Cycle -- The Phosphorus Cycle at the Regional Scale -- The Phosphorus Cycle at the Local Scale -- Terrestrial Systems -- Aquatic Systems -- Human Alteration of the Global Phosphorus Cycle -- Managing Human Interaction with the Phosphorus Cycle -- Summary -- References -- Section IV : Synthesis -- Chapter 10: Revisiting the Ecosystem Concept: Important Features That Promote Generality and Understanding -- Introduction -- Budgets and Boundaries -- Inclusiveness and Flexibility -- Generality and Prediction -- References -- Chapter 11: Ecosystems in a Heterogeneous World -- Introduction -- The Nature of Heterogeneity
- The Yaqui Valley Case Study -- The Yaqui Valley -- Fertilizer Use and Nitrogen Cycling in the Yaquis Ecosystems -- Beyond the Simple Answer -- Lessons From the Yaqui Valley Ecosystems Study -- References -- Section VI: Frontiers -- Chapter 19: Ecosystem Science: The Continuing Evolution of Our Discipline -- Introduction -- Example 1: The Driving Power of Technological Advances -- Example 2: The Challenges of Understanding and Managing Human Effects on Ecosystem Services -- Example 3: Ecosystem Science and Changes in Society -- Example 4: Reconceptualizing Ecosystems -- Closing Remarks -- References -- Glossary -- Index
- Boreal Forest Fire Mosaics -- Pit and Mound Microtopography -- Plant Neighborhoods -- Stream Patchiness -- Marine Benthos -- Boundary Effects -- Management and Built Patches -- Toward A Framework for Space and Time Heterogeneity -- Spatial Heterogeneity -- Patch Dynamics and the Linkage of Time and Space -- Causes and Trends of Temporal Heterogeneity -- Conceptual Refinements for Temporal Heterogeneity: Pulses and Presses -- Internal and External Heterogeneity -- First Principles for Assessing Heterogeneity -- Conclusions: Ecosystems in Time and Space -- References -- Chapter 12: Controls on Ecosystem Structure and Function -- What Do We Mean by ``Control´´? -- Why Do We Care about Controls on Ecosystems? -- How Are Ecosystems Controlled? -- Both Abiotic and Biotic Control Are Important -- Control Can Be ``Bottom-Up´´ or ``Top-Down´´ -- Control Can Come from Outside or Inside the Ecosystem -- Control Can Follow Various Mathematical Functions -- Feedbacks Are Almost Always Important -- Human Activities Control Many Ecosystems -- Complications -- References -- Section V : Case Studies -- Reference -- Chapter 13: Streams and Their Valleys -- References -- Chapter 14: Ecology of Lyme Disease -- Discovery -- Its the Deer -- Its the Mice -- Its the Population Dynamics -- Its the Community Dynamics -- Its Biodiversity -- Its the Ecosystem -- References -- Chapter 15: Understanding Ecosystem Effects of Dams -- References -- Chapter 16: Acid Rain -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 17: The Oligotrophication of Narragansett Bay -- Oligotrophication -- Narragansett Bay -- What the Long-Term Records Revealed -- Changes to Benthic-Pelagic Coupling -- Things to Come -- Concluding Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 18: From Global Environmental Change to Sustainability Science: Ecosystem Studies in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico
- Intro -- Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preamble to the 2nd Edition -- Preface -- Section I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Ecosystem Science -- What Is an Ecosystem? -- What Are the Properties of Ecosystems? -- What Is in an Ecosystem? -- Ecosystems Have Structure -- Ecosystems Perform Functions -- Ecosystem Structure and Function Are Controlled by Many Factors -- Ecosystems Change Through Time -- How Do We Classify or Compare Ecosystems? -- Why Do Scientists Study Ecosystems? -- How Do Ecosystem Scientists Learn about Ecosystems? -- Approaches for Learning about Ecosystems -- Natural History -- Long-Term Studies -- Cross-Ecosystem Comparison -- Experiments -- Theory and Conceptual Models -- What Do Ecosystem Scientists Measure? -- Some Tools in the Ecosystem Scientists Toolbox -- Balances: Mass and Charge -- Tracers -- Spatial Data -- From There to Here: A Short History of the Ecosystem Concept in Theory and Practice -- References -- Further reading -- Section II : Ecological Energetics -- Introduction -- Units Used in Studies of Ecological Energetics -- References -- Chapter 2: Primary Production: The Foundation of Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Components of Primary Production -- Measuring Primary Production -- Aquatic Methods -- Terrestrial Methods -- Primary Production Methods: Advances -- Regulation of Primary Production -- Rates and Patterns of Primary Production -- Fates of Primary Production -- A Tale of Scale -- Summary -- References -- References for Table 2.1 -- Chapter 3: Secondary Production and Consumer Energetics -- Introduction -- Consumer Energetics -- The Energy Budget of Consumers -- Secondary Production -- Definition of Secondary Production -- Methods to Estimate Secondary Production -- Controls and Prediction of Secondary Production
- Production of an Individual Species of Consumer -- Production of a Guild of Consumers -- Production of the Entire Community of Consumers -- Conclusions -- Coda: Future Directions for Secondary Production -- References -- Chapter 4: Organic Matter Decomposition -- Introduction -- Conceptual Model of Decomposition -- Organisms Responsible for Decomposition -- Controls on Decomposition -- Interactions with Other Element Cycles -- The Future -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Microbially Mediated Redox Reactions -- Redox Reaction Terminology -- Energy Yield From Redox Reactions -- Anaerobic Degradation of Organic Matter -- Energy Yield From Inorganic Redox Reactions -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Section III: Biogeochemistry -- Chapter 6: Element Cycling -- What Is an Element Cycle? -- Role of the Hydrologic Cycle -- Chemical Properties Are Important -- Move, Stick, and Change: A Simple Framework for Elemental Cycling -- Beyond Boxes and Arrows -- Interacting Elemental Cycles -- What Kinds of Questions Are Associated with Element Cycles? -- Summary and Thought Question -- References -- Chapter 7: The Carbon Cycle: With a Brief Introduction to Global Biogeochemistry -- Why Study the Carbon Cycle? -- Biogeochemistry of Carbon -- Key Biologic Reactions in the Carbon Cycle -- Oxygenic Photosynthesis -- Anoxygenic Photosynthesis -- Chemosynthesis -- Oxic Respiration -- Anaerobic Respiration -- Inorganic Carbon -- Inorganic Carbon in Waters -- Inorganic Carbon on Land and Sediments -- Inorganic Carbon in the Atmosphere -- Key Reactions for Inorganic Carbon -- Chemical Weathering -- Reverse Weathering and Carbonate Formation -- Clay Formation -- Carbonate Precipitation -- The Global Carbon Cycle -- The Role of the Oceans -- The Holocene Preindustrial Global Carbon Budget -- Changes in the Oceanic Carbon Budget