Quelles sont les conditions qui affectent la santé des femmes à rôles multiples?
l'accroisscment du nombre de femmes sur le marché du travail dans les deux dernières décennies a soulevé beaucoup d'inquiétudes et de spéculations tant de la part de la presse populaire que de la communauté scientifique. N'étudiant an départ que l'effet du nombre de rôles occupés...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Canadian psychology = Psychologie canadienne Jg. 34; H. 1; S. 26 - 44 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch Französisch |
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Ottawa
Canadian Psychological Association
01.01.1993
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| ISSN: | 0708-5591, 1878-7304 |
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| Abstract | l'accroisscment du nombre de femmes sur le marché du travail dans les deux dernières décennies a soulevé beaucoup d'inquiétudes et de spéculations tant de la part de la presse populaire que de la communauté scientifique. N'étudiant an départ que l'effet du nombre de rôles occupés, les recherches ont maintenant évolué pour se concentrer davantage sur les conditions qui améliorent ou qui portent préjudice à la santé physique et au bien-être affectif des femmes. Ce relevé de littérature s'inscrit dans ce nouveau courant et vise à documenter les aspects qualitatifs des rôles de mère, épouse el travailleuse susceptibles d'affecter la santé et le bien-être des femmes. Malgré la grande diversité des caractéristiques étudiées ct des résultats obtenus, deux thèmes récurrents se retrouvent indépendamment du rôle étudié: 1) l'importance du sentiment de contrôle sur sa vie et 2) l'importance du support émotionnel pour le bien-être affectif et physique des femmes. En dernier lieu, les auteures proposent la construction d'un modèle théorique unifié qui irait au-delà des rôles individuels pour permellre l'évaluation de la situation de la femme dans sa totalité, en termes d'effets potentiels sur sa santé physique et mentale. |
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| AbstractList | L'accroissement du nombre de femmes sur le marché du travail dans les deux dernières décennies a soulevé beaucoup d'inquiétudes et de spéculations tant de la part de la presse populaire que de la communauté scientifique N'étudiant au départ que l'effet du nombre de rôles occupés, les recherches ont maintenant évolué pour se concentrer davantage sur les conditions qui améliorent ou qui portent préjudice à la santé physique et au bien-être affectif des femmes. Ce relevé de littérature s'inscrit dans ce nouveau courant et vise à documenter les aspects qualitatifs des rôles de mère, épouse et travailleuse susceptibles d'affecter la santé et le bien-être des femmes. Malgré la grande diversité des caractéristiques étudiées et des résultats obtenus, deux thèmes récurrents se retrouvent indépendamment du rôle étudié: 1) l'importance du sentiment de contrôle sur sa vie et 2) l'importance du support émotionnel pour le bien-être affectif et physique des femmes. En dernier lieu, les auteures proposent la construction d'un modèle théorique unifié qui irait au-delà des rôles individuels pour permettre l'évaluation de la situation de la femme dans sa totalité, en termes d'effets potentiels sur sa santé physique et mentale. Il est maintenant bien etabli que les femmes, comme les hommes, sont vulnerables a l'exposition a des conditions de travail dangereuses pour leur sante, incluant les substances cancerigenes, la poussiere de coton et les agents infectieux ([Waldron], 1980). Une etude menee au Quebec pointe aussi certaines caracteristiques d'emploi (les emplois exigeant la levee d'objets lourds, l'effort physique, de longues heures de travail, des changements d'horaires et le fait de rester debout plusieurs heures d'affilee) et certaines caracteristiques environnementales (le bruit, les vibrations et le froid) associees a un risque accru d'avortement spontane chez les femmes (McDonald, McDonald, Armstrong, Cherry, Cote, Lavoie, Nolin, & Robert, 1988). [Les] recherches sur le fardeau psychologique de l'emploi se sont situees dans le cadre du modele de stress occupationnel bidimensionnel de Karasek (1979). Developpe au depart a l'aide de sujets masculins, ce modele postule que la combinaison d'une lourde charge de travail assortie d'une faible marge de manoeuvre en termes de latitude decisionnelle et de controle sur l'organisation de son travail conduit aux risques les plus eleves de maladies cardiovasculaires et de tension psychologique (Alfredsson, Karasek & Theorell, 1982; Karasek, Baker, Marxer,Ahlbom, & Theorell, 1981; Karasek, Theorell, Schwartz, Schnall, Pieper, & Michela, 1988). Chez les femmes, plusieurs etudes tendent a montrer des resultats semblables. Alfredsson, Spetz et Theorell (1985) trouvent que le ratio d'hospitalisation pour infarctus du myocarde augmente considerablement chez les femmes dans les occupations ou une forte proportion rapporte un travail exigeant et monotone. Une grande surcharge de travail et une faible latitude decisionnelle ont aussi ete reliees a un score plus eleve de depression et a un plus grand nombre de symptomes psychosomatiques chez les travailleuses de la sante (Landsbergis, 1988) et a differentes mesures de sante chez les femmes a col blanc (Karasek, Gardell, & Lindell, 1987). D'autres resultats de recherches supportent indirectement l'application des hypotheses de ce modele aux femmes. House, Strecher, Metzner et Robbins (1986) detectent une association positive entre le nombre d'heures supplementaires et la presence d'hypertension chez les femmes. De plus, l'incidence de maladies cardiovasculaires est constamment plus elevee chez les femmes occupant des emplois clericaux ou de col bleu, typiquement consideres comme des emplois combinant une plus grande charge de travail a une faible latitude de decision (Haynes & Feinleib, 1980; House et al., 1986). De plus, des travaux recents de Frankenhaueser (1991) suggerent que le modele de Karasek s'applique aussi au travail non remunere des femmes a la maison. Peu importe le statut occupationnel, la charge de travail a la maison des femmes est tres elevee a comparer a celle de leur conjoint. De plus, la nature des taches menageres dont elles ont la responsabilite leur laisse moins de latitude decisionnelle et de controle. En effet, elles sont en charge des taches plus contraignantes qui doivent etre faites a un moment fixe durant la journee (ex.: faire la cuisine, hygiene des enfants), tandis que les taches de leur conjoint peuvent etre organisees de facon plus flexible (ex.: reparations de l'auto, budget). Cette decouverte signifie que pour les femmes, le stress ne diminue pas lorsqu'elles arrivent a la maison, mais qu'il continue de sevir de plus belle. Il est possible que cette exposition prolongee au stress puisse conduire, a long terme, a une augmentation du risque de maladies chez ce groupe de femmes. l'accroisscment du nombre de femmes sur le marché du travail dans les deux dernières décennies a soulevé beaucoup d'inquiétudes et de spéculations tant de la part de la presse populaire que de la communauté scientifique. N'étudiant an départ que l'effet du nombre de rôles occupés, les recherches ont maintenant évolué pour se concentrer davantage sur les conditions qui améliorent ou qui portent préjudice à la santé physique et au bien-être affectif des femmes. Ce relevé de littérature s'inscrit dans ce nouveau courant et vise à documenter les aspects qualitatifs des rôles de mère, épouse el travailleuse susceptibles d'affecter la santé et le bien-être des femmes. Malgré la grande diversité des caractéristiques étudiées ct des résultats obtenus, deux thèmes récurrents se retrouvent indépendamment du rôle étudié: 1) l'importance du sentiment de contrôle sur sa vie et 2) l'importance du support émotionnel pour le bien-être affectif et physique des femmes. En dernier lieu, les auteures proposent la construction d'un modèle théorique unifié qui irait au-delà des rôles individuels pour permellre l'évaluation de la situation de la femme dans sa totalité, en termes d'effets potentiels sur sa santé physique et mentale. |
| Author | CARRIER, SYLVIE ROSKIES, ETHEL |
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| Copyright | 1993 Canadian Psychological Association Copyright Canadian Psychological Association Jan 1993 |
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| DOI | 10.1037/h0078802 |
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| IssueTitle | 50 Years of Psychological Research at the Psychology Department of the University of Montreal 1942-1992/Cinquante ans de recherche en psychologie au Departement de psychologie de l'Université de Montréal 1942-1992 |
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| Snippet | l'accroisscment du nombre de femmes sur le marché du travail dans les deux dernières décennies a soulevé beaucoup d'inquiétudes et de spéculations tant de la... L'accroissement du nombre de femmes sur le marché du travail dans les deux dernières décennies a soulevé beaucoup d'inquiétudes et de spéculations tant de la... Il est maintenant bien etabli que les femmes, comme les hommes, sont vulnerables a l'exposition a des conditions de travail dangereuses pour leur sante,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Fees & charges Hospitalization Hypertension Mothers Occupational stress Occupations Social conditions Stress Vibrations Women |
| Title | Quelles sont les conditions qui affectent la santé des femmes à rôles multiples? |
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