Zobrazit v EDS Plný text ve formátu HTML Plný text ve formátu PDF

Abstracts.

Uloženo v:
Podrobná bibliografie
Název: Abstracts.
Zdroj: Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C. Jan2022 Supplement S1, Vol. 51, p3-64. 62p.
Druh dokumentu: Article
Témata: Anatomy, Sexual cycle, Biological specimens, Medical sciences, Physiology, Islands of Langerhans, Inner ear, Blended learning
ISSN: 0340-2096
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12759
Přístupové číslo: 154460215
Databáze: Veterinary Source
Nepřihlášeným uživatelům se plný text nezobrazuje
FullText Links:
  – Type: pdflink
    Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHjPtM4BHU3ZchRwgzYmadcigk49r9CVlbU7V5F6lgH7WwGeOZDp3-0LvW9yNEb8Zc56AAAA4jCB3wYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHRMIHOAgEAMIHIBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDLjjTUQ9liAh8i3h-wIBEICBmso7crJ7_SU1DXvR_mE5t4RxZFiYaOBtdmdVCBoNy5FTMUxiymvJbGPJoThTSJdO6IRtLHG50dFYT1jsG-F6T_eBjcVAgFeZ4CXrV15bpXRj2vbmH6-v6tsaReQJzkkS1KCvU3FAeqcRBXM2o7qU1quYuyBrrthdr0WnRNso23rkgpRNIhD11AkvRNyJDKH4ag2mqoD67QEqu3M=
Text:
  Availability: 1
  Value: <anid>AN0154460215;erx02jan.22;2022Jan05.05:32;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0154460215-1">Abstracts </title> <sbt id="AN0154460215-2">001</sbt> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-3">Biofilm forming of leptospires in the vitreous cavity of horses suffering from equine recurre...</hd> <p>Kerstin Ackermann<sups>1*</sups>; Johann Maierl<sups>2</sups>; Bettina Wollanke<sups>1</sups>; Rebecca Kenngott<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Equine Clinic</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich</emph>, <emph>Veterinaerstr. 13</emph>, <emph>80539 Munich; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich</emph>, <emph>Veterinaerstr. 13</emph>, <emph>80539 Munich</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The formation of biofilm has already been verified for chronic bacterial infections.</p> <p>The equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) shows parallels to biofilm‐associated infections regarding course of disease, diagnostic and therapeutic approach</p> <p>Aim of this study is to verify the <emph>in vivo</emph> formation of biofilm of leptospires in the vitreous body in horses suffering from ERU. Therefore, two staining methods are used to compare the morphology of pathogenic culture leptospires to the morphology of leptospires from vitreous body samples of horses suffering from ERU.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 149 vitreous body samples were collected from 139 horses suffering from ERU during therapeutically indicated vitrectomy. Warthin‐Starry staining and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used for the display of the leptospires and the biofilm.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Leptospira spp. could be detected as single bacteria, but also in cyst‐like structures by the silvering technique as well as in immunohistochemistry. Especially with immunohistochemistry, the leptospiral structures in different configurations and stages of biofilm formation could be shown.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The chronic progressive course of ERU is an indicator that bacteria are protected from elimination of the immune system due to the formation of a biofilm.</p> <p>The immune privilege of the eye can further promote the chronic infection in the vitreous cavity and insufficient elimination by the immune system.</p> <p>The verification of biofilm formation in the vitreous body of horses suffering from ERU represents a new and crucial contribution for the etiopathogenesis of ERU. The biofilm formation of leptospires in the vitreous body explains many uncertainties and discrepancies in previous studies of ERU.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-4">002</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-5">Antigen preservation after decalcification: can we have a guideline for everyday bone‐related...</hd> <p>Lucia Aidos<sups>1*</sups>; Valentina Herrera<sups>1,2</sups>; Fabio Biancoli<sups>1</sups>; Margherita Pallaoro<sups>1</sups>; Giampaolo Bosi<sups>1</sups>; Alessia Di Giancamillo<sups>1</sups>; Silvia Modina<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Università degli Studi di Milano</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>2</sups>IRCCS</emph>, <emph>Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi</emph>, <emph>Milan</emph>, <emph>Italy</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The processing of bone tissue presents multiple problems related to decalcification and is often based on the experience of the operator. The aim of this study is to test bone tissue antigen preservation after different decalcification methods in order to verify which is the most suitable to obtain guidelines for laboratory routine.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Medial condyles of the left femurs of swine, sheep, dogs, mice and rats were fixed and decalcified with two different solutions: A, 1.85% hydrochloric acid, 4% formic acid; B, 7.5% citric acid, 25% formic acid. Integrity of tissue antigenicity was evaluated by means of two commercial antibodies for collagen I by immunofluorescence (IF). IF peak intensity was analysed.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Antigen preservation was observed in both treatments in dog, sheep, and swine. Indeed, the bone sections from mouse and rat lost their link ability for the antibodies. IF peaks revealed to be higher with B solution than A in sheep (<emph>P </emph>< 0.01), while no differences were found in swine and dog. Furthermore, IF peaks for one of the two antibodies revealed to be higher in sheep and swine (<emph>P</emph> < 0.01), but no differences among the two antibodies were found in dog.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> B solution seems to better preserve antigenicity of bone tissue in sheep and one of the two antibodies works better in sheep and swine. With this research, we intended to define guidelines for trabecular bone decalcification based on the animal species and antigen preservation which is a basic tool for tissue engineering.</p> <p>All animals that were used were died for reasons that have no relationship with the present study.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-6">003</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-7">Needs and remedies to fight misunderstanding: anatomical scientific illustrations hands in ha...</hd> <p>L.Miguel Carreira<sups>1a</sups>; Marta Veiga<sups>2</sups>; Henrique Costa<sups>3</sups>; Isabel Ferreira<sups>4</sups> and Graça Alexandre‐Pires<sups>1b*</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1a</sups> Surgery‐Clinical Department‐ CIISA</emph>,<emph><sups>1b</sups> Anatomy‐ Department of Morphology and Function‐ CIISA‐</emph> , <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine‐ Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA)</emph>, <emph>University of Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal</emph>. <sups>*</sups><emph>Corresponding author; <sups>2</sups>Master student at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>3</sups>Faculty of Fine Arts ‐ CIEBA</emph>, <emph>University of Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>4</sups>Department of Materials Science</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Science and Technology</emph>, <emph>NOVA University of Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Academics engaged in educational processes should maintain consistency in providing the best tools to fight misunderstanding and misinterpretation in the majority of cases as possible. People with distinct expertise were involved in this project (surgery, biomaterial engineering, fine arts, and anatomy). We present a study developed in cat's cadavers with nasal squamous cell carcinoma, submitted to a total rhinectomy resulting in a major facial defect known as "phantom face", reconstructed with the use of a preliminary nasal prosthesis. Anatomical scientific illustration was used to documenting in an accurate way this new surgical approach.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Cat (<emph>Felis catus</emph>) cadavers with squamous cell carcinoma were used in the study. All underwent a total rhinectomy procedure followed by a facial rehabilitation, using a nasal prosthesis developed with an elastic filament thermoplastic elastomer based on polyurethane with a hardness of 82A ‐ Filaflex 82A®, which is non‐toxic and one of the main materials used in prosthesis and organ models for teaching and simulating surgeries. Strategies to anchor the prosthesis easily and permanently have been thinking. The prosthesis presents an external area similar to the nostril area and two rods with a groove in the terminal zone, rather important for the permanent fixation in the choanal area. The ideas were explained and discussed with a Master's student, who drew them through fine art scientific illustration.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Scientific illustration allows documenting "a step at a time" surgical maneuver, with an accurate description of the facial planes, and the procedures involved in the innovative nasal prosthetic insertion. Major issue beyond the surgical skills necessary to achieve the precise area where the prosthesis slot must fit and anchor in order to became permanent, was also the proper way to describe it to others. Scientific drawings produced are of the outmost and enable surgeons and students of surgery to familiarize with fine‐tune ideas that involve innovation and delicate surgical procedures and pathways and the benefit to remember them. In fact, we could not hypothesise a better option to explain all the procedures involved in the allocation and fixation of the prosthesis in the choanal area.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> knowledge of anatomy and fine arts contributes to dismantling the complexity of innovative surgery. Authors work together, and the efforts resulted in the creation of scientific material that are excellent tools enabling students and surgeons with the acquisition of accurate knowledge and confidence. This methodology can be applied to translational subjects as a successful educational improvement.</p> <p> <bold>Funding:</bold> CIISA: UIDB/00276/2020</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-8">004</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-9">Canine leishmaniosis: New insights on macrophage activation directed to Leishmania infantum p...</hd> <p>Armanda Rodrigues<sups>1</sups>; Maria Aires Pereira <sups>1,2</sups>; Graça Alexandre‐Pires<sups>3</sups>; Ana Valério‐Bolas <sups>1</sups> ; Rui Ferreira <sups>4</sups> ; Telmo Nunes<sups>5</sups>; Inês Cardoso<sups>4</sups>; Dário Ligeiro<sups>6</sups>; Isabel Pereira da Fonseca<sups>3</sups>; Gabriela Santos‐Gomes <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Global Health and Tropical Medicine</emph>, <emph>GHTM</emph>, <emph>Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical</emph>, <emph>IHMT</emph>, <emph>Universidade Nova de Lisboa</emph>, <emph>UNL</emph>, <emph>Lisboa</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>2</sups>Agrarian School</emph>, <emph>Polytechnic Institute of Viseu</emph>, <emph>Viseu</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>3</sups>CIISA</emph>, <emph>Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>4</sups>BSA</emph>, <emph>Banco de Sangue Animal</emph>, <emph>Porto</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>5</sups>Microscopy Center</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Sciences</emph>, <emph>Lisboa</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>6</sups>IPST‐ Centro de Sangue e Transplantação de Lisboa</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Macrophages (MØs) constitute host cells for <emph>Leishmania infantum</emph> parasites, the etiological agent of canine leishmaniasis, a disease recognized as a major veterinary issue and public health concern. These parasites are well adapted to aggressive conditions of MØ phagolysosome, being able to influence and control MØs' immune activation, favoring parasite replication and dispersion in the host. This work presents new insights on immunomodulatory activation of canine MØs by <emph>L. infantum</emph> parasites.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy dogs and cultured. Adherent MØs were exposed to virulent <emph>L. infantum</emph> promastigotes, mimicking the early interaction of MØs with parasites in the host dermis. MØs infection was confirmed by microscopic observation and MØs morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MØs viability and nitric oxide (NO) production were assessed by flow cytometry and colorimetric assay, respectively.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Canine MØs exhibited internalized <emph>L. infantum</emph> parasites, confirming monocyte <emph>in vitro</emph> differentiation and ability to perform phagocytosis. Also, MØs produced a steady and quantifiable amount of NO. Interestingly, the presence of intracellular parasites appear to delay MØs apoptosis and SEM analysis showed that MØs can emit macrophage‐extracellular‐traps (METs), which seems to inactivate extracellular promastigotes.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion<emph>:</emph></bold> Prolonging the life span of parasitised MØs is a way of <emph>L. infantum</emph> to ensure parasite replication, dissemination to inner organs, and transmission. However, MØs have several mechanisms that are deployed and may reduce parasite numbers, such as NO production and METs emission, revealing a clear evolutionary battle between the dog and <emph>L. infantum</emph>.</p> <p>The present study was approved by Comissão de Ética para a Investigação e Ensino (CEIE), from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (Reference 008/2019).</p> <p>This work was supported by the FCT‐Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology I.P., (FCT) by national funds within the scope of the projects UIDB/00276/2020, UID/04413/2020, EXOTRYPANO (PTDC/CVT‐CVT/28908/2017), and DogIPM (PTDC/CVT‐CVT/0228/2020). Ana Valério‐Bolas holds a PhD scholarship SFRH/BD/118067/2016 from FCT.</p> <p> <bold>Funding:</bold> CIISA: UIDB/00276/2020</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-10">005</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-11">Artificial Intelligence versus manual quantification of angiogenesis</hd> <p>Zaher Alshamy<sups>1</sups>; Johanna Plendl<sups>1</sups> and Sabine Kässmeyer<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Division of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Bern</emph>, <emph>Switzerland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Angiogenesis is a physiological process through which new blood vessels are generated from pre‐existing vasculature. Morphological parameters characterizing vascular networks in vitro can be evaluated by different methods. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional manual with a new Artificial Intelligence (AI) based method for quantification of angiogenesis.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> An AI module (Segment.ai by Nikon, Düsseldorf, Germany) has been trained on a small set of hand‐traced microscopic images. The training outcome was applied on similar images, to automatically recognize structures previously only identifiable by manual tracing. Human dermal endothelial cells were cultured and labelled with the endothelial marker anti‐CD31. Cells proliferated and formed a 3D tubular network. Number and diameter of "endothelial tubes" and the points of their crossing ("knots") were quantified manually as well as by Segment.ai.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Quantification of number and diameter of endothelial tubes yielded similar results with both methods. Mean of number and diameter of endothelial tubes was (835.17 ± 52.37 SEM, 9.91 µm ± 0.21 SEM, respectively) for the manual method and (865 ± 103.58 SEM, 10.02 µm ± 0.80 SEM, respectively) for AI. Number of knots was 323 ± 26 for manual and 610 ± 159 for AI. Training of AI took about 50 hours; time for quantification of each image was roughly 40 minutes for manual and 5 minutes for AI.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> AI saves time and effort – provided the user is well acquainted with the method. Training is time consuming and results are still impaired by artefacts.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-12">006</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-13">Protein malnutrition promoted metabolic and structural changes in the myocardium of Wistar ra...</hd> <p>Liliane Ribeiro; Gustavo Henrique Doná Rodrigues Almeida; Michelle Silva Araújo; Hianka Jasmyne Costa de Carvalho; Thamires Santos da Silva; Lívia Maria Barbosa de Andrade and Maria Angelica Miglino</p> <p> <emph>Department of Surgery</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>University of São Paulo</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>SP</emph>, <emph>Brazil</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In African countries such as Mozambique, the precariousness of social conditions leads to severe malnutrition, which causes harmful effects on various organs, promoting morphological and functional changes, with special attention to the consequences to the heart.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The objective of this study was to evaluate possible morphofunctional repercussions on the cardiomyocytes that constitute the left ventricles (LV) of Wistar rats. Low protein diet, malnutrition group (S group), typical diet from Mozambique (group M), which has low protein levels as well and protein diet (N group). Animals S, M and N constituted two study groups (<emph>n</emph> = 5 per group) and were evaluated at 21 days of life and at 42 days. After weaning, the metabolic parameters were measured. The samples of hearts were submitted to histological processing to collagen quantification and histopathological analysis. Ultrastructural alterations by transmission microscopy on the left ventricle were analyzed. Data were subjected to statistical analysis.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The animals of groups S and M exhibited physical characteristics, body mass and metabolic parameters altered; predominance of type III collagen of these animals of groups S and M; ultrastructural alterations in the composition of cardiomyocyte sarcomeres as irregularly arranged Z lines and morphological alterations as cardiac atrophy, reduction in the LV cavity diameter, reduction of myocardial mass and reduction in the number of cardiomyocytes due to the effects of malnutrition.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> It can be concluded that the standard diet in Mozambique promoted deleterious effects of malnutrition on the metabolic, morphological and ultrastructural aspects of the animals' myocardium.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee in the Use of Animals of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Protocol Number of Approval 3094/2013).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-14">007</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-15">"3D Veterinary Osteology Interactive – Comparative" : A new tool for veterinary anatomy educa...</hd> <p>Sadullah Bahar<sups>1</sups>; Vural Özdemir<sups>2</sups>; İsmail Karaoğlan<sups>3</sups>; Alaaddin Nayman<sups>4</sups>; Nazan Karaoğlu<sups>5</sups>; Sedat Aydoğdu<sups>1</sups> and Nimet Turgut<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Selcuk University</emph>, <emph>Konya</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>2</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Afyon Kocatepe University</emph>, <emph>Afyonkarahisar</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>3</sups>Department of Industrial Engineering</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences</emph>, <emph>Konya Technical University</emph>, <emph>Konya</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>4</sups>Department of Radiology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Medicine</emph>, <emph>Selcuk University</emph>, <emph>Konya</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>5</sups>Department of Family Medicine</emph>, <emph>Meram Faculty of Medicine</emph>, <emph>Necmettin Erbakan University</emph>, <emph>Konya</emph>, <emph>Turkey</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The pandemic experienced has significantly affected veterinary anatomy education as in other fields, and the importance of tools developed for use in virtual environments has once again emerged. The number of professionally prepared training tools is limited today. It has become a common necessity to add new tools that require interdisciplinary cooperation. Based on this prediction, we prepared a PC software of skeletal system (horse, cattle, sheep and dog), called as "3D VETOS". The aim of this presentation is to explain its preparation stages, to introduce the features and to debate it with the researchers of the field.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> All material obtained from cadavers were imaged via CT after removing soft tissues from skeletal sections. The images were opened in the 3D modelling program and each bone was 3D modelled and placed in their original position in the skeletons. Afterwards, topology and anatomical detail marking processes were carried out using different programs on the exported models. At the same time, texts describing the skeleton parts were prepared. All data were transferred to the animation program; function codings were made and exported for use on PC (Windows‐Mac OS).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The software consists of 1329 3D models of the skeletal systems of four animal species. It offers the opportunity to examine individually the skeletal parts of the animals separately and comparatively in the form of "horse‐cattle", "dog‐sheep" pairs.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> We believe that this software, which we also carry out to develop an upgraded version compatible with mobile devices, will make significant contributions to anatomy education.</p> <p>This study was supported by the SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF TURKEY (Project No: 116O385).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-16">008</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-17">The process of 3D printing model of vertebral bone for the anatomy education</hd> <p>Caner Bakıcı<sups>1</sups>; Barış Batur<sups>1</sups>; Okan Ekim<sups>1</sups>; Hasen Awel Yunus <sups>1, 2</sups> and Çağdaş Oto <sups>1, 3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ankara University</emph>, <emph>Ankara</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>2</sups>Mizan‐Tepi University</emph>, <emph>MizanTeferi</emph>, <emph>Ethiopia; <sups>3</sups>Medical Design</emph>, <emph>Research and Application Center (MEDITAM)</emph>, <emph>Ankara</emph>, <emph>Turkey</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The objectives of this study were to create a standard procedure to produce a three‐dimensional (3D) printing model of vertebral bone and analyze the impact of 3D reconstruction images and 3D printing models for anatomy education.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The third, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebral bones of one male thoroughbred horse were used. Vertebral bones were scanned with a 256‐multidetector computed tomography device. The DICOM files were transferred to the 3D Slicer software. 3D reconstructed digital images of cervical vertebral bones were obtained by performing volume rendering, segmentation, and post‐processing. 3D digital models of the vertebral bones were recorded in STL file format on the computer. These images were then used to produce physical 3D printing models with the Fused Deposition Modelling printer and polylactic acid filament.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The surface details were evaluated as high levels of accuracy for the anatomy. The rapid prototyping replicas were smooth, durable, and unscented. All the materials were drillable and fusible for making anatomical preparations. It was observed that both produced 3D digital models and 3D printing models can be used during anatomy education in theoretical and practical lessons.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study shows that durable, real‐like bone specimens could be produced with minimal equipment and manpower. The digital information gathered with three‐dimensional approaches will give useful information for analyzing anatomical structures.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-18">009</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-19">Histological study of the skin in yellow‐headed water monitor (Varanus cumingi)</hd> <p>Lucija Bastiančić<sups>1</sups>; Nikolina Škvorc<sups>1</sups>; Valentina Kubale Dvojmoč<sups>2</sups>; Maja Lukač <sups>3</sups> and Snježana Kužir <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia; <sups>2</sups>Institute for Preclinical Sciences</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia; <sups>3</sups>Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Data on histology of skin in yellow‐headed water monitor <emph>Varanus cumingi</emph> MARTIN, 1839 are not available in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the histological features of the skin in the selected lizard species.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Tissue samples of skin were taken from the dorsal part of the body of one lizard and fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. The fixed material was embedded in paraffin and sectioned with microtome at 6 µm. The sections were stained using different methods: hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Verhöeff ‐ Van Gieson, alcian blue ‐ PAS reaction and the special method for visualization of reticulin fibers. The general structure of the epidermis and the dermis were studied by light microscopy using an Olympus BX41.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The skin consists of the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is thin and consists of several cell layers. The basal layer has cuboidal to columnar cells with round nuclei that lie on the basement membrane. The cornified layer consists of an alpha‐keratin layer, mesos, beta‐keratin layer and Oberhäutchen layer. The dermis is composed of superficial and deep parts. The superficial part consists of loose connective tissue, while the deep part is thicker and consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Melanophores are found between different layers of the epidermis and the dermis.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In this study, we have shown the histological features of the skin in <emph>Varanus cumingi</emph>, which is a rare lizard species.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-20">010</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-21">Quantitative Estimation of the Retina by using Optical Coherence Tomography in New Zealand Ra...</hd> <p>Barış Batur<sups>1</sups>; Caner Bakıcı<sups>1</sups>; Okan Ekim<sups>1</sups>; Nagihan Uğurlu <sups>2,3</sups> and Reşide M. Hazıroğlu<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ankara University</emph>, <emph>Ankara</emph>,<emph>Turkey; <sups>2</sups>Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center</emph>, <emph>Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University</emph>, <emph>Ankara</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>3</sups>Department of Ophtalmology</emph>, <emph>Medical School</emph>, <emph>Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University</emph>, <emph>Ankara</emph>,<emph>Turkey</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a modern imaging technique that can produce fast, non‐invasive and non‐contact high‐resolution cross‐sectional images of biological tissues. An OCT device, specially designed for the rabbit eye, can provide micro‐level detailed, high resolution, and quantitative data on rabbit retina. These data are prominent in animal models of retinal diseases. There is no detailed study on retinal thickness in healthy laboratory rabbits with a special design OCT device. The aim of this study is to evaluate thickness of the retina in laboratory rabbit by using OCT.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> B‐scan measurements were taken with spectral‐domain OCT device in ten male rabbits. Measurements were performed at a distance of 1mm far from the optic disc in three different regions as nasal, temporal and inferior. Images of the retina were acquired with high‐resolution quality.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Retinal thickness of right eye was calculated as 0.173 ± 0.002 µm, 0.170 ± 0.002 µm, and 0.168 ± 0.001 µm in temporal, nasal, and inferior region, respectively. Average thickness between temporal‐inferior region was statistically significant on right eye (<emph>p </emph>< 0.05). Total thickness of left eye was calculated as an average of 0.172 ± 0.002 µm, 0.171 ± 0.002 µm, and 0.164 ± 0.001 µm in temporal, nasal, and inferior region, respectively. Average thickness between temporal‐inferior region and nasal‐inferior region were statistically significant on left eye (<emph>p </emph>< 0.05).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Special design OCT device for rabbits proved that retinal images obtained were quite efficient in terms of high resolution and detailed for micro anatomic investigation. Further studies which will be conducted on the retinal models on experimental animals, will probably be much more accurate and well defined by the help of this device. Therefore, this study can be a basis not only for advanced anatomical and pathological studies but also for animal models designed for phase studies for human medicine.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Saki Yenili Experimental Animal Production and Application Laboratory Trade [11‐03 / 11.05.2020]</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-22">011</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-23">Silicone plastination of sheep liver at room temperature</hd> <p>Saime Betül Baygeldi; Barış Can Guzel; Zait Ender Ozkan</p> <p> <emph>Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Fırat University</emph>, <emph>Elazığ</emph>, <emph>Turkey</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction</bold>: Plastination is an anatomical technique used to preserve biological material microscopically and macroscopically. This method preserves cadaveric materials such as biological specimens in the field of human and animal anatomy and pathology. In this process, water and oil in biological tissues are replaced by plastic polymers such as silicone, epoxy or polyester resins. Subsequently, these materials harden, resulting in specimens that are dry, odorless and highly durable.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The plastination technique consists of 5 stages. Before starting the technique, after measuring and weighing the sheep livers, the color scale was checked with a colorimeter device. After 5 sheep livers were dissected, they were fixed in 10% formalin and the first stage of the technique was completed. In the next step, dehydration and defatting steps were carried out. Difficult impregnation stage was started at room temperature. After the gas curing phase was completed, the silicone plastination process was terminated. After all stages were completed, the color scale of the sheep livers was examined in the colorimeter device by applying the measurement and weighing processes again.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Silicon Plastination technique at room temperature was completed in 35 days. All tissues preserved their morphological features. Statistical differences were observed only in the measurement, weighing data and color scale.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> It was observed that the plastinates obtained at the end of the silicone plastination process of the tissues at room temperature largely preserved their morphological features before plastination. It has been observed that the tissues have an elastic structure in accordance with the silicone procedure followed as in the literature.This study was carried out in accordance with the ethical rules with the decision number 2018/84 taken by Fırat University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-24">012</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-25">Extremely low cyst burden in Cobb 500 chicken brains upon chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection</hd> <p>Britta Beck<sups>1,2</sups>; Thomas Grochow <sups>1,2</sups>; Gereon Schares<sups>3</sups>; Arwid Daugschies<sups>1</sups>; Simone A. Fietz <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Parasitology</emph>, <emph>Centre for Infectious Diseases</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>04103 Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>04103 Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut</emph>, <emph>Institute of Epidemiology</emph>, <emph>17493 Greifswald</emph>, <emph>Insel Riems</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> <emph>Toxoplasmosis is</emph> a worldwide zoonosis caused by the obligate intracellular parasite <emph>Toxoplasma (T.) gondii</emph>. Chickens represent important intermediate hosts of <emph>T. gondii</emph>. Little is known about chronic <emph>T. gondii</emph> infection in the chicken brain. It was therefore the aim to investigate the burden and regional distribution of cysts in the chicken brain following chronic <emph>T. gondii</emph> infection.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Adult Cobb 500 chickens were orally inoculated with 1,500 (<emph>n</emph> = 10) or 150,000 (<emph>n</emph> = 10) <emph>T. gondii</emph> oocysts (strain 76K) or 0.9% NaCl (control, <emph>n</emph> = 9, one died during rearing). Blood samples were analyzed by western blot for <emph>T. gondii</emph> antibodies. Six weeks after infection, animals were sacrificed, and complete brains were cut coronally. <emph>T. gondii</emph> cysts were identified by DBA (<emph>dolichos bifloru</emph>s agglutinin) staining in every tenth section. Selected sections of major brain regions were analyzed by qPCR for <emph>T. gondii</emph> DNA.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Seroconversion was detected in 8/10 of chickens of the high dose group, but not in the low dose and control group. Of the seropositive chickens, <emph>T. gondii</emph> DNA was present in 6/8 of the brain samples. The number of cysts quantified per chicken brain was very low (2‐6), all being located in telencephalon.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion</bold>: Chickens show a considerably lower <emph>T. gondii</emph> cyst burden when compared with mice, which might explain why <emph>T. gondii</emph> infected chickens very rarely develop neurological deficits. Our findings provide insights into the cyst burden of <emph>T. gondii</emph> infection in the chicken brain and highlight differences in comparison to the same infection of the mammalian brain.All animal experiments were performed in accordance with German animal welfare legislation and were approved by the Landesdirektion Sachsen TVV 47/16.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-26">013</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-27">Evaluation of use of 3D printed neuroanatomical models as alternatives in veterinary medicine...</hd> <p>Pamela Bejdić; Nedžad Hadžiomerović; Rizah Avdić; Faruk Tandir; Amina Rizvanović</p> <p> <emph>Department of Anatomy and Histology with Embryology</emph>, <emph>Veterinary faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Sarajevo</emph>, <emph>Zmaja od Bosne 90</emph>, <emph>71000 Sarajevo</emph>, <emph>Bosnia and Herzegovina</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> 3D printing or additive manufacturing is one of the newest technologies used for the production of anatomical models intended for education in veterinary medicine. Today there is a rising trend in the use of this technology in education and many different medical fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of formalized and 3D printed neuroanatomical models and their impact on the cognitive and learning outcomes in veterinary anatomy education.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> For the purposes of the study, we used four formalized brains and one spinal cord of cattle and sheep. All samples were scanned by hand XYZ scanner, transferred to Cura 4.8.0. Software and prepared for 3D printing on CreatBot DX printer where ABS flex filaments were used as printing material. The assessment of the formalized and 3D printed models was done by students and professionals. The student questionnaire was designed in order to compare the set of visual features of the 20 neuroanatomical structures in the cadaver and printed model. Collected data were statistically analyzed by students <emph>T</emph>‐test, and by the subjective opinion of professionals.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The study showed that accuracy of answering questions in the cadaver was slightly higher than that in the printed models. This result can be associated with the complex and small anatomical structures of the evaluated specimens. The students responded positively to the 3D models and the study showed several advantages over cadavers.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The 3D models can be used as suitable alternatives for the replacement of formalized cadaveric organs in veterinary anatomy education.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-28">014</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-29">Congenital hypothyroidism at a calf in Elbasan district (Albania) – Case report</hd> <p>Kastriot Belegu<sups>1</sups>; Bejo Bizhga<sups>2</sups>; Elenica Dimco<sups>2</sups> and Jeta Abeshi<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morfofunctional Matters</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Agricultural University of Tirana</emph>, <emph>Tirana</emph>, <emph>Albania; <sups>2</sups>Department of Preclinical Matters</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Agricultural University of Tirana</emph>, <emph>Tirana</emph>, <emph>Albania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The biggest polluter in the entire country has impoverished the earth and negatively impacted the flora and the fauna in the area of the former metallurgical combine in Elbasan. An increase in numbers of stillbirth, abortion, birth of weak kids and dead kids with congenital goiter is observed recently. These cases are relevant among calves, lambs and goats. Our research aimed to see if there is a variation of the blood indicators in the calf born with congenital goiter before and after treatment.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Blood samples were collected for hematology as well as for measurement the level of thyroid hormones like T3, T4, FT4 and TSH. The technique used for measuring the level of thyroid hormones was that of electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) for serum T3, T4, FT4 and TSH.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Hypothyroidism resulted in large changes in the values ​​of T3, T4 and TSH in the examined calf. The changes also included blood indicators and interested all fractions in the two major leukocyte groups (granulocytes and agranulocytes). Less pronounced, but still were present the changes in Eosinophils and platelets. The observed changes in erythrocytes and platelets returned to normality faster than the changes in leukocytes after treatment which proved to be successful.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Careful clinical control in areas where endemic hypothyroidism is present. It should be followed by the evaluation of hormonal indicators and other blood indicators. The treatment is successful when it is performed in time, especially during the pregnance. Also the recovery of indicators needs to be monitored.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-30">015</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-31">Morphological particularities of bones in the brown bear (Ursus arctos)</hd> <p>Belu Cristian‐Romeo; Dobrilă Mădălina; Mihai Sorina‐Andreea; Roșu Petronela‐Mihaela; Predoi Gabriel</p> <p> <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Bucharest</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Tackling wild species from a sanitary‐veterinary perspective cannot be done in a similar way to their domestic counterparts. Even attempting to gain knowledge on the pathology of game animals is not easy. Specialized literature is scarce and thus a more exhaustive literature search is required.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In order to describe the bone particularities of the brown bear, two skeletons of adult animals were used, as well as bones from the recent collection of the Anatomy Department. The bones were studied in detail, always referring to the differences between the studied species and what is known about carnivore bones from Canidae and Felinae, and human bones.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The scapula is unmistakable through the presence of an osseous lama attached to the proximal third of its caudal border. The humerus has a visible spiral groove only in the distal third of the bone, an extremely short neck, and does not present a supratrochlear or epitrochlear foramen distally. The radius and ulna are completely independent. Usually, sacroiliac articulations ossify, which can be explained by the necessity to consolidate the pelvic girdle, since the animal regularly adopts a bipedal position. The femur is long and straight, similar to the human femur. The tibia and fibula are unfused.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Synthetically we can appreciate that a close analysis of samples which contain bone fragments can establish with relative high precision if they originate from the Ursus arctos species and not from individuals from closely related families.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-32">016</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-33">Study of the musculature of the scapula and limb in the tiger (Panthera tigris)</hd> <p>Belu Cristian‐Romeo; Dumitrescu Iulian; Mihai Sorina‐Andreea; Dobrilă Mădălina; Ștefănescu Theodora‐ Raluca; Predoi Gabriel</p> <p> <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Bucharest</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In the past years, there has been a marked increase in contributions of veterinarians who work with exotics, whether captive or free, in order to prevent/treat pathologies which threaten species survival, to conserve wild fauna. As all individuals from species threatened with extinction are valuable, we did a research, hoping that these descriptions and images obtained would be useful to clinicians.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Research was done on two tigers that have died of natural causes, donated by the Bucharest Zoo.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Regarding the lateral muscles of the scapula, we have noticed an aspect which deserves to be mentioned, represented by the insertion of some muscular fibres posterior to the acromial portion of the deltoid muscle on the prebrachial fascia which covers the brachial muscle. Thus, it can be appreciated that the deltoid muscle has a role as a tensor of the lama of this fascia. The absence of the capsular muscle is supplied by the teres minor muscle which adheres to the membrane of the capsule of the scapula‐humeral joint. The tensor of antebrachial fascia muscle has its origin on the ventral margin of the teres major muscle. The brachial muscle and the biceps brachial muscles insert distally through a tendon on the ulna and the radius respectively, specialty literature noting differently.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> We consider that in the case of the existence of biological material destined for dissection it is worth insisting upon this morphological areal, in order to complete and clarify details regarding the myology of this species.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-34">017</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-35">An exploration of the regional lymphatic drainage in the head and neck in rabbits</hd> <p>Alina V. Berlea<sups>1</sups>; Alexandra Irimie<sups>1</sups>; Sidonia A. Bogdan<sups>2</sups> ; Iulia Melega<sups>2</sups>; Raluca Marica<sups>3</sups>; Cristian Martonos<sups>1</sups>; Raluca Flocea‐Matiș<sups>1</sups>; Robert Purdoiu<sups>4</sups> and Aurel Damian <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Anatomy Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>2</sups>Anesthetics and Surgical Propaedeutics</emph>, <emph>Veterinary orthopedics</emph>, <emph>Experimental Surgery Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>3</sups>Pathology Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>4</sups>Radiology and Medical Imaging Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The aim of this study was to observe if all the head and neck lymph nodes, specified in the recent literature, can be identified by injecting dyes or contrast agents into the lips, the auricular region and the tongue of the rabbit,</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 12 rabbits were divided in three equal groups, from A to C. Each group was inoculated with an Evans Blue solution, in a different site, as follows: A in the lips, B in the base of the pinna, C in the tongue. The inoculations were followed by anatomical dissections under a surgical microscope. The findings were histologically confirmed. Contrast imaging radiology was performed on the same rabbits before injecting the blue dye solution. All procedures were conducted under neuroleptanesthesia.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The first lymph nodes to drain the blue colored lymph were different in each group: in group A were the buccal and mandibular lymph nodes, in B were the parotidian and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes, in C the medial retropharyngeal lymph node. Afterwards, in A and B the Iymph passed through the accessory mandibular and then in the superficial cervical lymph node. However, the deep cervical lymph nodes were not observed as it is described in literature.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> All the head and neck lymph nodes of the rabbit, described in recent literature, were identified in the present study, with the exception of the deep cervical lymph nodes.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Bioethics Committee of USAMV Cluj‐Napoca and The National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority, No. of approval: 246 from 14.01.2021</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-36">018</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-37">The distribution of Alpha and Beta cells in the pancreatic islets in rats</hd> <p>Aurel Damian<sups>1</sups>; Adriana Chende<sups>1</sups>; Alina V. Berlea<sups>1</sups>; Viorel Miclăuş<sups>2</sups>, Adrian F. Gal<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Anatomy Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>2</sups>Histology Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In humans, the pancreatic islets consist predominantly of Beta cells, centrally located and Alpha cells, situated peripherally. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of Alpha and Beta cells in the pancreatic islets of rats and to analyze how it resembles or differs from the pancreatic structure in humans.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Three rats that were presented for euthanasia after traumatic accidents (fractures) were used in the present study. Pancreatic samples were collected, fixed in Heidenhain's Susa fixative, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 µm. Mann‐Dominici staining was performed, through which the Alpha cells stained red and the Beta cells stained blue.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> In the rat pancreas, the majority of pancreatic islets are intralobular, but extralobular ones were also well represented. It was observed that Alpha cells were prevalent at the periphery in a small number of islets, while in the majority of the studied pancreatic islets, Alpha cells were scattered on the whole surface of the sections, without having a thorough organisation. Furthermore, the number of Alpha cells was significantly different from one islet to another, ranging from none to an exceptional number of Alpha cells.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The distribution of Alpha and Beta cells in the rat pancreas is significantly different from the situation presented in humans. In rats, Alpha cells were spread throughout the whole structure of pancreatic islets, and only in a very limited number of islets, they were detected just at the periphery.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-38">019</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-39">Discovery and description of os(sa) cordis structure, morphology and formation in the Nyala a...</hd> <p>Adam Best<sups>1</sups>; Craig Sturrock<sups>2</sups>; Aziza Alibhai<sups>1</sups>; Kerstin Baiker<sups>1</sups>; and Catrin S Rutland<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>School of Veterinary Medicine and Science</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Medicine and Health Science</emph>, <emph>University of Nottingham</emph>, <emph>Leicestershire</emph>, <emph>UK; <sups>2</sups>Hounsfield Facility</emph>, <emph>School of Biosciences</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Science</emph>, <emph>University of Nottingham</emph>, <emph>Leicestershire</emph>, <emph>UK</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> This project investigated nyala (<emph>Tragelaphus angasii</emph>) and giraffe (<emph>Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata</emph>) hearts for the presence of os(sa) cordis. Ossa cordis have previously been reported in a limited number of mammals and bovine species including cattle and sheep. The nyala, a large ruminant from south eastern Africa, and giraffe were compared as families within the same order, <emph>Artiodactyla</emph>. Investigations also aimed to show the structure, histology and formation of os(sa) cordis, the latter of which has been intensively debated. The hypothesis was that both species would have at least one os cordis, present within the regions of the interatrial and interventricular septa (trigone), which formed via endochondral ossification.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Single nyala and giraffe hearts were assessed using computed microtomography, dissection and histopathological examinations using hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue, Von Kossa and picrosirius red.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Computed microtomography scans showed four ossa cordis in the nyala heart and an os cordis in the giraffe. Histological examination showed possible development of ossa cordis in both hearts via endochondral ossification, the replacement of cartilage with bone. Collagen and general morphological results will also be presented.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Ossa cordis were present within the nyala, this species has not previously been identified as having a cardiac bone and it is the first species to show four ossa cordis. Further morphological and histological evidence for the giraffe os cordis is revealed, alongside the first visualisation of the structure using computed microtomography. Additionally, substantial evidence is provided to indicate os(sa) cordis formation via endochondral ossification.</p> <p>All research included in this presentation received ethical approval from the University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science ethics committee under UK approved ethical guidelines (ethics number: 3186200604).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-40">020</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-41">Culture of bovine mammary gland</hd> <p>Annekatrin Bonack; Salah Al Masri and Johanna Plendl</p> <p> <emph>Institute for Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Whilst <emph>in vitro</emph> production of meat is well advanced this is not the case for milk where, worldwide, only two companies currently produce milk from cultured mammary epithelial cells. The aim of this pilot study is to establish bovine mammary cell cultures to investigate their potential for <emph>in vitro</emph> milk production.</p> <p> <bold>Material and Methods</bold>: Samples of bovine mammary glandular parenchymal tissue were taken from both heifers and post‐parturient cows and finely minced (0,5 – 1,0 mm³). Samples were cultured in both coated and non‐coated 6‐well culture plates with a selective medium for mammary epithelial cells (PromoCell), without fetal bovine serum but with growth factors including epidermal growth factor and bovine pituitary extract. Cultures were incubated at 37,5°C (5% CO<subs>2</subs>) and the medium was changed every 48 hours.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> After two days, filamentous strands appeared that bridged peripheral irregularities such as fissures and discontinuities of the samples. After seven days single rounded or sprouting cells appeared in close proximity but without connection to the core samples. Occasionally net‐like filamentous structures were found that included single rounded cells. From day twelve onward a homogenous population of rounded/polygonal cells created a cobblestone appearance out from the periphery of the samples. No contamination with fibroblast‐like cells was seen.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The selective and serum‐free medium supported the growth of a homogenous population of cells. Formation of filamentous structures seemed to precede cellular proliferation. Further studies will identify the nature of the filamentous structures and cells.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-42">021</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-43">Catheterization depth in transurethral catheterization of the bladder in female domestic pigs</hd> <p>Jana Brankovič<sups>1</sups>; Jurij Žel<sups>2</sups>; Rok Klančnik<sups>2</sups>; Tatjana Stopar Pintarič <sups>3,4</sups>; Erika Cvetko<sups>4</sups>; and Alenka Seliškar <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Preclinical Sciences</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia; <sups>2</sups>Small Animal Clinic</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia; <sups>3</sups>Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy</emph>, <emph>University Medical Centre</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia; <sups>4</sups>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Transurethral catheterization of the urinary bladder may be necessary in various clinical situations and in research, especially translational studies. This procedure should be performed carefully so as not to affect the main results of a study. The aim was to estimate the depth of catheterization and its correlation with anatomical conditions in female pigs.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 19 female pigs, Landrace/Large White hybrids, chest circumference 72.1 ± 4.2 cm (calculated body mass approximately 40 kg), were anaesthetised in left lateral recumbent position. Body length was measured from the nuchal crest to the base of the tail. A septum speculum and paediatric laryngoscope were used to assist insertion of a siliconized latex Foley catheter with a stylet into the urethral orifice. The catheter was guided with Rochester Pean forceps. After insertion into the urinary bladder, the catheter was uniformly positioned with the inflated balloon at the bladder neck, and the catheterization depth, the distance between the bladder neck and the mucocutaneous junction of the vulva, was measured. Statistical analyses included data presented as mean ± SD and the Pearson correlation coefficient test.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Body length and catheterization depth were 82.1 ± 3.3 cm and 14.5 ± 1.3 cm, respectively. Depth was positively related to chest circumference (r = .556, <emph>p </emph>= 0.031) but not to body length (r = .351, <emph>p </emph>= 0.200).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold>Catheterization depth in female pigs should be optimised according to the chest circumference/body mass. This could be useful to prevent Foley catheter inflation in the urethra.</p> <p>This study was approved by the National Veterinary Administration (U34401‐20/2016/4, U34401‐20/2016/9, and U34401‐20/2016/13). All husbandry and experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the National Animal Protection Act 38/2013, Council Directives 2008/120/EC and 2010/63/EU and ARRIVE guidelines.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-44">022</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-45">Anatomical distribution of Fascioloides magna pseudocysts in the red deer (Cervus elaphus) li...</hd> <p>Miljenko Bujanić; Petra Verzak; Nikolina Škvorc; Zdravko Janicki and Dean Konjević</p> <p> <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Digenean trematode <emph>Fascioloides magna</emph> is primarily a parasite of North American deer species. It was introduced to Europe in the second half of the 19th century by uncontrolled import of non‐native deer species from America. The European red deer (<emph>Cervus elaphus</emph>) represents a definitive host in which it forms a pseudocyst around the fluke. The aim of this study was to present the anatomical distribution of pseudocysts in the red deer liver.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 50 red deer livers were divided into three equally wide parts, cut into 2 cm thick slices, and thoroughly examined. Observing liver on facies diaphragmatica, the left third comprised lobus hepatis sinister, the middle third is lobus quadratus, lobus caudatus, and dorsal part of lobus hepatis sinister, while the right third is lobus hepatis dexter and caudolateral part of lobus quadratus.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The highest average number of pseudocysts (<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref1">13</reflink>) was found in the middle part (1 to 56), followed by left (6.3; 0‐15), and right one (5.4, 0‐12). In the majority of samples, pseudocysts were located in the middle part (76%), followed by left (14%) and right part (10%). In 16% of the samples, pseudocysts were found only in the middle part of the liver. In the largest number of samples (40%) most pseudocysts were found in the middle third, then in the right and left third.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Results of this study indicate that primary site of infection is in the middle third of the liver, followed by right and left one with increasing infection.</p> <p> <emph>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Veterinary Ethics Committee</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb</emph> (Class: 640‐01/18‐17/60; No: 251‐61‐44‐18‐02).</p> <p> <bold>Acknowledgements :</bold> Study was fully supported by the Croatian Science Foundation grant IP 8936 ''Host‐parasite interactions: a relation between three types of hosts and <emph>Fascioloides magna</emph> infection".</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-46">023</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-47">Sirt1 as novel promoter of blood vessel stability in the retina</hd> <p>Joana Catita<sups>1,2</sups>; Andreia Valença<sups>1,2</sups>; David Ramos<sups>3</sups>; Victor Nacher<sups>3,4</sups>; Marc Navarro<sups>3,4</sups>; Ana Carretero<sups>3,4</sups>; Luísa Mendes‐Jorge<sups>2,5</sups>; Jesús Ruberte<sups>3,4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>2</sups>CIISA ‐ Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Universidade de Lisboa</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>3</sups>CBATEG ‐ Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy</emph>, <emph>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</emph>, <emph>Bellaterra</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>4</sups>Department of Animal Health and Anatomy</emph>, <emph>School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</emph>, <emph>Bellaterra</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>5</sups>Department of Morphology and Function</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Universidade de Lisboa</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Sirt1, a NAD<sups>+</sups>‐dependent protein deacetylase, is a known regulator of cell survival and it is considered a stress‐induced protector of retinopathies with aberrant vessel growth such as diabetic retinopathy. In ischemic retinas, Sirt1 was highly expressed in avascular areas, while its depletion lead to a significant decrease of vessel regeneration. VEGF‐A and PDGF‐B are angiogenic factors that promote vessel growth and perivascular cell recruitment. This study aimed to determine the effect in VEGF‐A and PDGF‐B expression during <emph>Sirt1</emph> upregulation in the retina.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> VEGF‐A and PDGF‐B expressions were analyzed in retinas of Sirt1 transgenic mice and wild‐type littermates, by means of RT‐qPCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. Vascular density was analyzed in whole‐mount retinas and measured using AngioTool software. For statistical analyses, unpaired <emph>t</emph>‐test was performed, using GraphPad Prims6 software (GraphPad, Inc, CA, USA). Significance was accepted at <emph>p </emph>< 0.05.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> VEGF‐A relative mRNA was increased (1.5‐fold p = 0.0022; <emph>n</emph> = 8) in Sirt1 transgenic retinas. VEGF‐A and PDGF‐B protein expression were also increased (1.8‐fold; 1.7‐fold, respectively) in a pool of 6 retinas analyzed by Western Blot. Accordingly, immunohistochemical analysis showed higher VEGF‐A and PDGF‐B intensity in Sirt1 transgenic retinas. Unexpectedly, no significant differences were found between the retinal vascular density of wild‐type and Sirt1‐tg mice, thus indicating the absence of neovascularization.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusions:</bold> Our results indicated that Sirt1 overexpression creates a pro‐angiogenic status with absence of neovascularization, thus promoting vessel stability. These results demonstrate a new role for Sirt1, highlighting this protein as a therapeutic target in retinopathies that develop pathologic neovascularization.</p> <p>Funding: grant UIDB/00276/2020 (CIISA)</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-48">024</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-49">Histostructural and morphometric variability in leukocytes concerning different domestic and...</hd> <p>Iuliana Cazimir; Alexandru Dovîncă; Oana Vasiliu; Theodora Ștefănescu</p> <p> <emph>University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Birds express discreet and non‐specific clinical signs even in the advanced stages of pathologies. Hematological exams may aid in timely identification of a disease, leading to more effective therapeutic approaches. The <emph>Aves</emph> class members developed a wide variation of morphological, physiological and functional adaptations. This determines hematological differences, which requires a study exploring the blood cell particularities.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Blood samples were collected from the axillary vein or the medial metatarsal vein of healthy adult (<emph>n</emph> = 76): <emph>Gallus gallus domesticus</emph>, <emph>Gallus gallus domesticus Ross 308</emph>, <emph>Gallus gallus Japanese silkie</emph>, <emph>Meleagris gallopavo</emph>, <emph>Numida meleagris</emph>, <emph>Columba livia</emph>, <emph>Cortunix japonica</emph>, <emph>Corvus cornix</emph>, <emph>Athene noctua</emph>, <emph>Accipiter nisus</emph>, <emph>Falco peregrinus and Ciconia ciconia</emph>. Blood smears were processed using May‐Grünwald/Giemsa technique and morphometric analysis.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Heterophils and eosinophils see variations of the granule shape, size, colour and an accentuated polymorphism of the nucleus. The basophil general structure remains usually constant; otherwise, the diameter varies between 6.57 and 11.31 μm in different species. Lymphocyte dimensions vary between 6.1 and 10.05 μm; there are differences regarding compact heterochromatin areas and the visible aspect of nucleoli. Monocytes are relatively constant in size, approximately 11 μm, but the shape of the nucleus, its position, the cytoplasmic features, etc. varies.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> For the studied species, leukocytes are characterised through either a constant size (eosinophils and monocytes) or a significant variability (basophils) and present an accentuated polymorphism of the granulocyte nucleus. The shape, size, colour of the granules and their agglomerated aspect in the cytoplasm appear different.</p> <p> <emph>The experimental protocol was in accordance with the legislation in use (of L. no.57/ 2007; Annex 4</emph>, <emph>L. no.43/ 2014 and L. no.96/ 2015)</emph>.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-50">025</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-51">SEM study of the dorsal lingual surface in the black‐capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri bolivien...</hd> <p>Petr Čížek<sups>1</sups>; PavlaHamouzová<sups>2</sups>; Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk<sups>3</sups>; JoannaKlećkowska‐Nawrot<sups>3</sups>and Pavel Kvapil<sups>4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>2</sups>Department of Physiology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>3</sups>Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Wrocław</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>4</sups>Zoo Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The black‐capped squirrel monkey (<emph>Saimiri boliviensis</emph>, Primates: Cebidae) is an arboreal Haplorhini primate. It is omnivorous. This study is the first description of its lingual ultrastructure and compares it with that of other members of the family Cebidae.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The evaluated tongue was taken from a 14‐year‐old male black‐capped squirrel monkey which was kept in Ljubljana Zoo and was euthanized due to cardiovascular failure. No experimental procedure was performed on the animal. The tongue was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, dehydrated in a graded alcohol series, transferred to absolute acetone, dried at the critical point, coated with gold (30 mA for 4 min.) and examined under a Tescan VEGA TS 5136 XM scanning electron microscope in a high vacuum with accelerated voltage 20 kV by using an SE detector.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The tongue of the black‐capped squirrel monkey is elongated and slightly widens aborally. Neither median sulcus nor torus are developed. Apex, corpus and radix can be distinguished. The whole area of ​​the dorsum linguae is densely covered with filiform papillae. Round fungiform papillae are regularly scattered among them on the lingual apex and corpus. Three round vallate papillae are distributed in an inverted V‐shape on the lingual radix. Fungiform and vallate papillae protrude above surrounding filiform papillae. Foliate papillae are developed on the posterolateral region.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The shape of the tongue, the appearance and location of the lingual papillae of the black‐capped squirrel monkey resembles the lingual structure of other members of the Cebidae family.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-52">026</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-53">Ultrastructure of the lingual surface in the fat‐tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi)</hd> <p>Petr Čížek<sups>1</sups>; Pavla Hamouzová<sups>2</sups>; Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk<sups>3</sups>; Joanna Klećkowska‐Nawrot<sups>3</sups>and Pavel Kvapil<sups>4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>2</sups>Department of Physiology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>3</sups>Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Wrocław</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>4</sups>Zoo Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The fat‐tailed gerbil (<emph>Pachyuromys duprasi</emph>, Rodentia: Muridae) is a recently domesticated and not very widespread pet. This study is the first description of its lingual ultrastructure and compares it with that of other myomorph rodents.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A tongue from an adult fat‐tailed gerbil which was kept in Ljubljana Zoo and died naturally of old age was evaluated. No experimental procedure was performed on the animal. The tongue was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, dehydrated in a graded alcohol series, transferred to absolute acetone, dried at the critical point, coated with gold (30 mA for 4 min.) and examined under a Tescan VEGA TS 5136 XM scanning electron microscope in a high vacuum with accelerated voltage 20 kV by using an SE detector.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The tongue of the fat‐tailed gerbil is narrow and elongated. Median sulcus is developed only on the lingual apex. Lingual prominence is inconspicuous. The dorsal surface is densely covered with filiform and conical papillae; only the aboral part of the radix lacks them. Flat fungiform papillae are scattered among them mostly on the lingual corpus. Oval vallate papilla is formed on the aboral part of the lingual radix. It does not protrude above the surface and it is partially surrounded by the circumpapillary sulcus which forms two grooves. Foliate papillae are developed on the lateral surface of the lingual radix.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Types of the lingual papillae in the fat‐tailed gerbil are distributed in a similar pattern as in other members of the family Muridae.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-54">027</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-55">A comparative histomorphometric study of the adipose tissue from distinct anatomical location...</hd> <p>Carla Ferreira‐Baptista<sups>1,2</sups>; André Queirós<sups>3</sups>; Rita Ferreira<sups>4</sups>; Pedro Sousa Gomes <sups>2,5</sups> and Bruno Colaço<sups>6</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‐Environmental and Biological Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto Douro</emph>, <emph>Vila Real</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>2</sups>LAQV/Requimte</emph>, <emph>University of Porto</emph>, <emph>Porto</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>3</sups>SCIVET‐grupo Breed</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>4</sups>Department of Chemistry</emph>, <emph>University of Aveiro</emph>, <emph>Aveiro</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>5</sups>Faculty of Dental Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Porto</emph>, <emph>Porto</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>6</sups>Department of Zootechnics</emph>, <emph>Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‐Environmental and Biological Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto Douro</emph>, <emph>Vila Real</emph>, <emph>Portugal</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Adipose tissue is a heterogeneous mesenchymal‐derived tissue composed of adipocytes and minor cellular populations (endothelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells). This tissue is characterized by the secretion of different molecules, with relevance on the physiological equilibrium of the organism, as well as on the onset and development of several diseases. Adipose tissue can be found in two main depots, subcutaneous and visceral, with expecting differences according to the anatomical location. Therefore, in the present study, we aim to investigate the histological/histomorphometric differences of the adipose tissue of subcutaneous and visceral origin, in the feline.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> All experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee [15‐CE‐UTAD‐2021]. Adipose tissue from subcutaneous and visceral locations (retroperitoneal and falciform ligament) was collected from healthy animals. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and photodocumented. Adipocytes' morphometric analysis and vascular predominance were quantified. Comparison between groups was performed using analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (p <0.05).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Adipose tissue samples from the visceral region presented a trend for increased adipocytes' dimensions, as compared to those of subcutaneous location (p <0.001). In addition, tissue from a visceral location was found to be much more vascularized than that from subcutaneous region, either regarding microvasculature or structures with a larger caliber.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Given the attained morphological and vascular differences in the adipose tissue harvested from the different anatomical locations, functional differences in terms of cell activity may be attained, despite the need of further studies to validate the present findings.</p> <p>This work was supported by National Funds by FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the projects UIDB/04033/2020.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-56">028</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-57">Anatomical features of intranasal delivery methods in rats</hd> <p>Margarida Nunes‐Pereira<sups>1,2</sups>; Carlos Venâncio<sups>1,2</sups>; Sofia Alves‐Pimenta<sups>1,2</sups> and Bruno Colaço<sups>1,2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Animal Sciences</emph>, <emph>School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of Trás‐os‐Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)</emph>, <emph>5000‐801</emph>, <emph>Vila Real</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>2</sups>Centre for Research and Technology of Agro‐Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB)</emph>, <emph>UTAD</emph>, <emph>5000‐801</emph>, <emph>Vila Real</emph>, <emph>Portugal</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The rat has been used as animal model for intranasal delivery (IND) of xenobiotics, to study the passageway directly to the brain, via olfactory and trigeminal pathways, circumventing the blood‐brain barrier. Despite the large area available of olfactory epithelium, the anatomical complexity of the olfactory region hampers delivery, leading to the emergence of different approaches, making reproducibility challenging. Therefore, we intended to evaluate the diffusion of a dye in the rat nasal cavity and brain, using three IND methods.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Eighteen female Wistar rat cadavers (generated in approved experiments ‐ EU directive 2010/63/EU) were placed in supine position, with the head at 45 ° angle, and 30 µl of green dye was delivered in the right nostril by three methods: inserting a cannula 2.5 cm, pipette‐tip 0.9 cm and nose drops. Thirty minutes later the nasal cavity and brain were dissected. The assessment of dye distribution was made by visual inspection.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> With nose drops and pipette‐tip methods, the dye was observed in the ethmoid labyrinth (83.3%), cribriform plate (66.7%) but not in the olfactory bulbs.</p> <p>With 2.5 cm cannula method, the dye was observed in the ethmoid labyrinth and cribriform plate of all animals, and in 66.7% of the olfactory bulbs.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The IND with a cannula inserted at 2.5 cm in the nostril was the most effective in dye delivering through to the cribriform plate reaching olfactory bulbs. These results are useful to refine the procedures in future studies using IND in live animals.</p> <p>This work was supported by National Funds by FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the projects UIDB/04033/2020, Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call—CEECINST/00127/2018 UTAD, and by research grant 2020.06947.BD.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-58">029</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-59">Students satisfaction with PlayDoh® as a tool to actively learn 3D Veterinary Anatomy.</hd> <p>Mariana Pereira de Melo<sups>1</sups>and Augusto Coppi<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Mathematics Institute</emph>, <emph>University of São Paulo</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil; <sups>2</sups>School of Animal</emph>, <emph>Rural and Environmental Sciences</emph>, <emph>Nottingham Trent University</emph>, <emph>Nottingham</emph>, <emph>UK</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Understanding veterinary anatomy is an essential skill for the study of veterinary medicine as well as for diagnostic imaging. Dissection facilities are increasingly limited in some schools and its alternatives have often focussed on using two‐dimensional images. However, the study of veterinary anatomy is mainly concerned with identifying structures and spatial relationships between them within a 3D space.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> We tested whether PlayDoh® student‐built models could be an inexpensive potential h<emph>aptic</emph> or kinaesthetic tool beneficial to veterinary students learning anatomy, using PlayDoh® models in three distinct contexts: (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref2">1</reflink>) during a lecture, introducing a new concept; (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref3">2</reflink>) during a flipped‐classroom approach prior to the lecture and (<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref4">3</reflink>) as a revision session where students brought their own questions and created, under supervision, their own models to respond to them. To this end, we have conducted the study with 150 first‐year Veterinary Medicine students who were given a questionnaire to answer about their satisfaction with the session. The following anatomical structures were modeled by students: brain, spinal cord, ruminant, dog and horse stomachs, horse and dog livers and pancreas, bovine and equine hooves and dog gut.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The most accurate visualisation of anatomical structures in 3D was the principal benefit mentioned by the learners (35%).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our findings suggest that using 3D PlayDoh® modelling has potential as a method to enhance the learning of veterinary anatomy and may be most valuable to those students learning more complex subject areas that require a 3D teaching approach in practice.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-60">030</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-61">Can thermography be used as a complementary diagnostic tool to scintigraphy in sport horses?</hd> <p>Melania I. Crisan<sups>1</sups>; Derek D. Cissel<sups>2</sups> Jayne Haislet<sups>3</sups> and Sarah S. le Jeune<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Basseterre</emph>, <emph>St Kitts and Nevis; <sups>2</sups>UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Davis</emph>, <emph>CA</emph>, <emph>USA; <sups>3</sups>American Association of Thermography</emph>, <emph>Sacramento</emph>, <emph>CA</emph>, <emph>US</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> With horses, thermography has proved useful in the diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of soft tissue injuries and superficial orthopedic lesions. The purpose of this preliminary study is to describe the correlations between the nuclear scintigraphy findings and the thermal imaging ones.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Forty standardized thermographic images were obtained from each horse in a thermoneutral environment one day prior to nuclear scintigraphy, by the same thermography technician. Thermographic images were blindly interpreted without any knowledge of clinical data by the same veterinarian certified in thermographic imaging. Clinical information was collected from the medical records. Scintigraphy images were acquired in a routine fashion and were interpreted by a board‐certified radiologist blinded to the thermographic findings. Thermographic and scintigraphic findings were divided into 13 body regions and compared.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> All horses presented abnormal thermographic and scintigraphic findings: mea<emph>n</emph> = 4.4 thermographic regions/horse (range = 3‐8), and 2.3 scintigraphic regions/horse (range = 1‐4). Six horses had radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in at least one of the same body regions identified thermographically, and 20.5% of all thermographically identified regions also had increased IRU. Most identified abnormalities with both imaging modalities were located in the cervical vertebrae, distal forelimb, pelvis and hocks. A limitation of the study is that only 3/10 horses had whole body scintigraphy performed, most horses having partial studies.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Thermographic findings were more numerous than scintigraphic ones. Thermography reveals variations in surface temperature due to changes in perfusion caused by potential inflammatory conditions and scar tissue formation which can aid in the identification of the etiology of lameness.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-62">031</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-63">Use of canine dermis for tissue bioengineering</hd> <p>Dall´Olio, A.J.; Matias, G.S.S.; Fratini, P.; Miglino, M. A.</p> <p> <emph>Department of Surgery</emph>, <emph>School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>University of São Paulo</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Biomedical engineering has made it possible to develop new therapeutic approaches to minimize and treat wounds that are difficult to heal, thus constituting significant advances in recent years. The study in question aims to bring a contribution to the theme using the Bioengineering of Tissues (biological scaffolds), as an alternative reconstructive technique, with regard to the treatment of complex wounds, favoring the process healing and canceling possible complications, especially rejection. CEUA nº 019/2019 – Unifaj e CEUA nº 1733150419 – USP.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> For this, canine dermis samples were decellularized by chemical / physical process and recellularized with mesenchymal stem cells, where after validation of the techniques, they were used as treatment in canine patients divided into three groups, namely, the first 3 cases (males and adults) were designated as Group 1, and were submitted to wound treatment using decellularized biological scaffold. The following 3 cases (males and adults) were designated Group 2, and were submitted to wound treatment with biological scaffold recellularized with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adipose tissue of dogs, originating from a stem cell bank, evaluating the healing process of these groups in relation to patients in the control group ‐ Group 3 (females and adults ‐ 2 cases) undergoing wound treatment by second intention. The results were expressed (<emph>p </emph>< 0.05) using Regression Analysis, Duncan and Analysis of Variance.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The results proved the biocompatible and biodegradable properties, absence of scar rejection complications, and / or contamination, demonstrated safety, ease of application of the grafting technique, regenerative capacity and appearance final cosmetic of the desirable wound, there was a statistical difference between analyzed groups.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> It is an innovative and functionally promising tool in the treatment of skin wounds.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-64">032</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-65">Pig mandibular gland morpho‐functional features are affected by feed physical form</hd> <p>Cecilia Dall'Aglio<sups>1</sups>; Francesca Mercati<sups>1</sups>; Elena De Felice<sups>2</sups>; Josef Kamphues<sups>3</sups>; Maria Grazia Cappai<sups>4</sups>; Federico MariaTardella<sups>2</sups>; Paola Scocco<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Perugia</emph>, <emph>Perugia</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>2</sups>School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Camerino</emph>, <emph>Camerino</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>3</sups>Institute of Animal Nutrition</emph>, <emph>University of Hannover</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>4</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Sassari</emph>, <emph>Sassari</emph>, <emph>Italy</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Study was performed on the mandibular gland from growing pigs, enrolled in a research to test the effects of different physical forms of the diet on animal's health, production and welfare, considering that chewing acts are associated with salivary production and that the feed physical forms can affect the mandibular gland function.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 48 castrated male growing pigs were fed, for 4 weeks, with different forms of the same diet (grinding intensities/compactions) namely coarsely ground meal (CM), finely ground pelleted (FP) and coarsely ground pelleted (CP) diets. Samples from mandibular glands were analyzed by conventional histochemistry to identify the glycohistochemical profile, and by immunohistochemistry to localize aquaporin 5, apelin and apelin receptor. The stats R‐package, version 3.5.3, was used forstatistical elaborations.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Pig mandibular gland increased both the quantity and acidity of produced glycoconjugates from CM to FP and CP diets. Mandibular gland increate aquaporin 5 positivity in the CP diet. Based on apelin/receptor localization, it was hypothesized that in pig mandibular gland the apelinergic system likely performs an endocrine control on the demilunes activity and a paracrine control on ducts.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The intense chewing activity linked to the highest feed compaction/hardness promotes an increase in pig mandibular gland secretion. Saliva becomes more fluid and richer in acid glycoconjugates in order to better lubricate the bolus and protect the mouth mucosae. The apelinergic system is likely involved in the above modifications enhancing both the fluidity and the quantity of serous saliva in pig mandibular gland.</p> <p>The project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Welfare of the Hannover District Government in accordance with the German legislation on animal welfare.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-66">033</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-67">Macroscopic aspects of male genital organs of the Caiman crocodylus yacare (Jacaré‐do‐Pantana...</hd> <p>Cristiane N. Takamine<sups>1</sups>; Hianka J. C. de Carvalho<sups>1</sups>; Michelle S. Araujo<sups>1</sups>; Maria A. Miglino <sups>1</sups> and Alan P. F. de Melo <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>Department of Surgery</emph>, <emph>University of São Paulo</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil; <sups>2</sups>Paulista State University Júlio Mesquita Filho</emph>, <emph>Departament of Animal Science</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The meat and the leather of the <emph>Caiman crocodylus yacare</emph> (Jacaré‐do‐Pantanal) make this animal propense to indiscriminate hunting. For this reason, studies that focus on knowledge of the reproduction of this species are of great importance for its extinction prevention. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and anatomically describe the macroscopic aspects of the male reproductive tract of this alligator.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> After sedation and euthanasia of 7 alligators, the midline was incised, and the reproductive organs were topographic identified and in situ dissected.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> All animals presented a pair of testicles, epididymis, deferent ducts and one copulatory organ in the pleuroperitoneal cavity. The testicles are elongated, bounds by tunica albuginea, bilateral disposed along the midline, and adherend to the dorsal wall of the pleuroperitoneal cavity cranioventrally to both kidneys. The right testis is bigger, more cranial, and longer than the left. Sexually immature animals have yellowish‐cream colored testis. The epididymis is elongated and curved shaped at the cranial extremity of the testis, directing medially to the caudal end, where it begins with the vas deferens and subsequent opens in the cloaca. The phallus is disposed internally in the cloacal cavity, which protrudes after palpation. It is tubular and conical shaped with brief resistance with characteristics of fibrocartilaginous tissue.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The better anatomical understanding of the sexual organs can help comprehend the reproductive physiology of this species as well as for the development of reproductive biotechnologies for its preservation.</p> <p> <emph>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo ([No.</emph> <bold>8382016</bold> <emph>])</emph>.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-68">034</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-69">VEGFA gene therapy restores pancreatic vascularization and function in diabetic mice</hd> <p>Vanessa Uemura da Fonseca<sups>1</sups>; Paula de Carvalho Papa<sups>1,2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction</emph>, <emph>School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>University of Sao Paulo</emph>, <emph>Sao Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Zurich</emph>, <emph>Zurich</emph>, <emph>Switzerland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Diabetes mellitus (DM) showed a worldwide prevalence of 2.8% in 2000 and is predicted to achieve 4.4% in 2030. In dogs, prevalence varies from 0.22 to 0.58% and has been reported to increase over the last 30 years. Vascular abnormalities are highly associated with DM. The aims of the present study were therefore to measure pancreatic vascularization before and after gene therapy using VEGFA in a diet‐induced diabetic mice model.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In the first experiment, 28 male mice were divided into 2 groups: control diet (CT) and hypercaloric diet (HD), which received the diet for 3, 4 and 6 months. In the second experiment, additional 20 mice were treated with the same diets over 4 months and treated or not with the VEGFA therapeutic vector (TV). Animals were killed and pancreas processed for immunohistochemistry, followed by stereological estimate of pancreatic vascularization (vascular volume density‐ Vv), or qPCR, for mRNA relative quantification of VEGFA and its receptors. Insulinaemia was measured each 7 days.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> All HD mice were diabetic after 4 months, characterized by a decrease in insulinaemia (<emph>p </emph>< 0.05). Nevertheless, VEGFA and its receptors as well as Vv were already decreased in HD mice at 3 months compared to CT. After VEGFA TV, all above‐mentioned parameters were increased (<emph>p </emph>< 0.05), including insulinaemia.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our results suggest that VEGFA and its receptors are altered during the establishment of DM leading to reduced pancreas vascularization. Moreover, administration of VEGFA TV is able to increase Vv and insulin production by pancreatic B cells.</p> <p> <emph>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>University of Sao Paulo</emph>, <emph>Sao Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil</emph> (Ethical approval 2192/2011).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-70">035</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-71">Canine mast cell tumours express the PARP‐1 enzyme: an immunohistochemical study</hd> <p>De Vos Shana<sups>1,2</sups>; Favril Sophie<sups>2,3</sups>; De Keyser Bram<sups>1</sups>; De Bels Lobke<sups>1</sups>; de Rooster Hilde<sups>2,3</sups>; De Spiegelaere Ward<sups>1,2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>2</sups>Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)</emph>, <emph>Medical Research Building</emph>, <emph>University Hospital Ghent</emph>, <emph>Ghent</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>3</sups>Small Animal Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) plays a crucial role in cellular survival and is recently being investigated in cancer. Tumoral cells may aberrantly express PARP‐1 to repair their DNA damage, making it a possible target for cancer therapy. Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are common in dogs and can behave malignantly. Here, we wanted to investigate the PARP‐1 expression in canine MCTs and the link between this expression and biological behaviour.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Immunohistochemical analysis using a monoclonal rabbit anti‐PARP‐1 antibody was performed in 21 canine FFPE MCT samples. Samples included 1 Patnaik grade I, 15 grade II and 5 grade III MCTs or 15 Kiupel low‐ and 6 high‐grade MCTs. Out of 21 dogs, 5 developed metastatic disease and 7 had no signs of metastasis at time of presentation. Tumour sections were screened at a 400x magnification to investigate the PARP‐1 expression. Positive cells were counted and compared to KI67, mitotic count (MC), KIT expression. Furthermore, the possible link between PARP‐1 expression and metastatic potential was investigated.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> In all samples, expression of PARP‐1 was present but highly variable. No significant correlation was found between PARP‐1 and the other markers. Although not significantly (p = 0.08), PARP‐1 expression seemed lower in dogs with confirmed metastatic disease.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> All MCTs expressed PARP‐1 but no significant correlation with biological behaviour or other markers was found. Surprisingly, MCTs with high metastatic potential seemed to have a lower PARP‐1 expression. To confirm these findings, more samples of dogs with and without metastatic disease need to be investigated.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-72">036</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-73">Podocytes and the TIE receptors</hd> <p>Iulia‐Aneta Denes; Charis Du Cheyne; Jurgen De Craene; Anne‐Lien Vaes; Esther Verlee and Ward De Spiegelaere</p> <p> <emph>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>133 Salisburylaan</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Podocytes are highly differentiated cells of the glomerulus. These cells and their foot processes are an essential component of the kidney filtration barrier and their injury is associated with several renal diseases. The angiopoietin‐TIE system is an important mechanism involved in glomerular pathologies and could be used as a potential target for treatment. Recently, the TIE2 and TIE1 receptors were observed in kidney pig podocytes. We aim to uncover if podocytes possess these two receptors and determine their relation with angiopoietin‐1.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Immortalized human and mouse podocytes were cultured for 12‐14 days, allowing cells to differentiate. Western Blotting was performed using antibodies against TIE1, TIE2 and phosphorylated TIE2 (p‐TIE2). Immunofluorescence was performed using the same antibodies on cells grown in 96 well plates and stimulated with angiopoietin‐1 prior to the experiment.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The presence of TIE1 and TIE2 was confirmed by Western Blotting in both human and mouse immortalized podocyte cell lines. Furthermore, upon stimulation with angiopoietin‐1, we observed fluorescent signal of the p‐TIE2 receptor at the cell‐to‐cell contacts, which has also been observed in endothelial cells after angiopoietin‐1 stimulation of the TIE2 receptor.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The presence of both TIE2 and TIE1, and the phosphorylation of the TIE2 receptor indicates that the angiopoietin‐TIE system is active in podocytes. Future work needs to be done in order to reveal the function of these receptors and investigate the downstream molecular pathways that are activated upon angiopoietin stimulation.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-74">037</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-75">The use of computed tomography to investigate the circulatory lymphatic system of the caudal...</hd> <p>Cristian Dezdrobitu<sups>1,2</sups>; Aurel Damian<sups>1</sups>; Cristian Martonos<sups>1</sups>; Alexandru Gudea <sups>1</sups> ; Florin Stan <sups>1</sups>, Melania Crisan <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Cluj Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>2</sups>Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Basseterre</emph>, <emph>Saint Kitts and Nevis</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The current study aims to map the lymphatic drainage of the caudal abdominal mammary gland (A2) in clinically healthy domestic cats. The lymphatic vessels play a significant role in disseminating the cancerous cells. Lymph node metastasis is a crucial prognostic parameter.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The biological material was represented by 5 clinically healthy female domestic cats of different ages (2 to 7‐year‐old) with a body weight ranging from 2 to 4 kg. As for age, our main objective was to have sexually mature animals. Each caudal abdominal mammary gland (A2) was investigated by computed tomography indirect lymphography with a contrast agent (Optiray 350).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The caudal abdominal mammary gland A2 was drained exclusively in a caudal direction and lymph drained to the inguinofemoral lymph center. In 4 cats the first lymphatic relay was the mammary lymph node. In one subject the first lymphatic relay was represented by the caudal epigastric lymph node. No opacification of the lymph nodes on the opposite site of the injection was noted, which excludes lymphatic communication between the left and right mammary chains.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The current investigation technique allowed us to visualize the lymph drainage pattern of the mammary gland A2 and the first sentinel lymph nodes. Topography, size and relationship with the adjacent tissues are the most important features that can be assessed by computed tomography indirect lymphography with a contrast agent. This diagnostic imaging technique proved to be very reliable for pre‐operative clinical examination of the lymph nodes and can be used especially for mammary glands cancerous pathology.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Bioethical Board of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj‐Napoca, Romania (approval number 1/14.11.2008).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-76">038</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-77">Histological characteristics of the ovary of Jenynsia lineata , a viviparous fish</hd> <p>Di Cesare Luca<sups>1,</sups><sups>3</sups> ; Martín M. Montes<sups>2</sups>; Silvia E. Plaul<sups>1</sups>; Claudio G. Barbeito<sups>1,3</sups></p> <p> <sups>1</sups> <emph>Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva</emph>, <emph>Experimental y Comparada</emph> (LHYEDEC), <emph>Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)</emph>, <emph>Universidad Nacional de La Plata</emph>, <emph>La Plata</emph>, <emph>Argentina</emph></p> <p> <emph> <sups>2</sups>Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE)</emph>, <emph>La Plata</emph>, <emph>Argentina</emph></p> <p> <emph> <sups>3</sups>Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)</emph>, <emph>La Plata</emph>, <emph>Argentina</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Jenynsia lineata (Cyprinodontiformes, Anablepidae) is a native viviparous freshwater fish currently used as an experimental model for toxicological and environmental impact studies. Previous studies of this viviparous fish have not focused on the histological structure of the ovary. The objective of this study was to analyze and describe the histological structure of the ovary both in its gestational and non‐gestational phases by means of different histological stains</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fourteen females of J. lineata (7 in each phase) were sacrificed by anesthetic overdose according to the Ethics Committee for the Use of Laboratory Animals (CICUAL) of FCV, UNLP. The ovaries were rapidly excised and fixed by immersion in 10% buffered formalin. Samples were routinely processed and embedded in paraffin wax. The ovaries were serially sectioned at 5‐6 μm thickness and then were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Masson's trichrome and Periodic Acid‐Schiff. Histological sections were observed under a light microscope with an image capture system (Leica DFC 280).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The ovary of J. lineata was characterized as an unpaired hollow organ, histologically formed by a tunica mucosa‐submucosa, a thin tunica muscularis and a tunica serosa, with a central lumen that decreased when the females were in the gestation period. In the advanced stages of gestation, it was observed that the richly vascularized ovarian lamellae entered through the opercular clefts of the embryos and entered in close contact with the embryonic capillaries of the gill processes.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results presented here show novel histological changes in the ovary of J lineata both in its gestational and non‐gestational periods.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-78">039</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-79">Lumbar Vertebrae Morphology of Chinkara (Gazella bennettii)</hd> <p>Salahud Din<sups>1</sups>; Saima Masood<sups>2</sups>; Hafsa Zaneb<sups>2</sups>; Sajid Hameed<sups>1</sups>; Ayesha Masood<sups>1</sups>; Hafiz Muhammad Ali<sups>1</sups>; Zubair Luqman<sups>1</sups> ; Adeel Sarfraz<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy and Histology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary and animal sciences</emph>, <emph>The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; <sups>2</sups>Department of Anatomy and Histology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences</emph>, <emph>Lahore</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Lumbar vertebrae morphology in adult Chinkara is yet not studied. We hypothesized that the lumbar vertebrae morphology of the Chinkara will be a typical example of fast running ungulates. Therefore, this study is designed to study gross morphological and basic osteometric features of the lumbar vertebrae of Chinkara.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study is conducted grossly on the lumbar vertebrae of ten each male and female adult Chinkara. The gross morphological features of each lumbar vertebra are studied thoroughly, and the osteometric measurements are performed through Digital Vernier Calliper.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The craniocaudal lengths of the vertebral bodies are uniform in the first five vertebrae but in the sixth lumbar vertebrae, the vertebral body length is decreased and width increased. The values of the cranial vertebral body breadth, cranial vertebral body height and caudal vertebral body breadth increased from L1 to L6. The pedicles are connected perpendicularly with the dorsal surface of the vertebral. The ventral margins of the left and right laminae attached at 45<sups>o</sups> with the pedicles. The spinous processes are mostly rectangular and same in height except for L6, which is low in height. Sharp bony projections on both sides are present on the cranial border on tips of the transverse process. The dimensions of the spinal canal increases caudally. The mean values of the spinous processes length decrease from L1‐L6.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Considerable morphological differences in the cranial and caudal articular processes, vertebral arch, transverse processes, spinous processes and vertebral bodies are observed.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-80">040</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-81">Serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy (SBF‐SEM) of equine exuberant granulation tiss...</hd> <p>Charis Du Cheyne<sups>1</sups>; Liesbeth Couck<sups>1</sups>; Anneke Kremer<sups>2</sups>; Eva Pint<sups>3</sups>; Ann Martens<sups>3</sups> and Ward De Spiegelaere <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Ghent</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>2</sups>Bioimaging Core</emph>, <emph>VIB‐UGent Center for Inflammation Research</emph>, <emph>Zwijnaarde</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>3</sups>Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Equine practitioners are frequently confronted with distal limbs wounds characterized by chronic inflammation, delayed re‐epithelialization, fibroplasia and an excessive blood vessel network of poor quality. This wound tissue in called exuberant granulation tissue (EGT). Despite a lot of research, the exact mechanisms of EGT formation remain unclear which hinders the development of an effective therapy. Our goal was to investigate EGT with the aid of SBF‐SEM. This allows a very detailed 3D reconstruction of the tissue.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Upon resection as part of the therapy, EGT biopts were immediately fixated in Karnovski (no EC approval needed). After fixation, the samples were washed in 0.1M cacodylate buffer and postfixed with 1% osmiumtetroxide. Samples were dehydrated by increasing alcohol percentages. Next, they were subjected to graded mixtures of acetone and EPON. Finally, the samples were embedded in pure EPON and coated with 3nm platinum. A total area of 340 µm × 340 µm was visualized. In the final run, 1000 sections were made from 80 nm each. With the aid of the AMIRA software, 3D visualizations were constructed from regions of interest.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The electron microscopy images and 3D reconstructions clearly show a distinct blood vessel network made of an abundant amount of dysfunctional blood vessels. In this peculiar wound tissue a lot of interesting things were observed including endothelial hypertrophy, extravasation of immune cells, phagocytizing immune cells and different forms of angiogenesis.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This dataset shows very nicely the interlace of blood vessels and immune cells in an interesting case of impaired wound healing.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-82">041</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-83">Variation of the spiral colon in sheep‐field study</hd> <p>Duro Sokol<sups>1</sups>; Gündemir Ozan<sups>2</sups>; Pérez William<sups>3</sups> and Szara Tomasz<sups>4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morphofunctional Moduls</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Agricultural University</emph>, <emph>Tirana</emph>, <emph>Albania; <sups>2</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Istanbul University‐Cerrahpasa</emph>, <emph>Istanbul</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>3</sups>Unidad de Anatomía</emph>, <emph>Facultad de Veterinaria</emph>, <emph>Universidad de la República</emph>, <emph>Montevideo</emph>, <emph>Uruguay; <sups>4</sups>Department of Morphological Sciences</emph>, <emph>Institute of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw</emph>, <emph>02‐776</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction</bold>: Sheep (Ovis aries) are ruminant animals and among many similar characteristics they have between them is the segments of the colon ‐ ascending colon, which takes the form of a discoid spiral with two to four centripetal gyri and after flexure centralis continues with also two to four centrifugal gyri. In reality, there are animals that have deviations from this classic form. The anatomical literature so far lacks and does not show in detail all possible shapes of the spiral colon in sheep. The aim of this study was to identify all possible deviation shapes and their frequency in sheep.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods</bold>: The study was undertaken in the slaughterhouse of Tirana, Albania. During this study we evaluated 366 large intestines taken randomly from slaughtered sheep over 6 months old. No records were kept regarding age, sex, race or region.</p> <p> <bold>Results</bold>: From 366 large intestines of slaughtered sheep, 35 of them or 9,56 % have had different shape of spiral colon. Among the irregular samples we have discovered 12 different type. 17 samples or 48,57% correspond with type A, B and G and have the greatest frequency. 10 samples had double repetition frequency and the other forms appeared only once during the study.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusions</bold>: This study provided valuable data on morphology of the sheep´s large intestine and will serve as a base for further studies to discover more details related to vascularization, or to provide relationship between shape deviation frequency of the spiral colon and breed, diet, region, etc.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-84">042</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-85">Assessing Learning and Teaching Practices in Anatomy Education during the COVID‐19 Pandemic</hd> <p>Zeeshan Durrani; Victoria Lord</p> <p> <emph>Department of Veterinary Anatomy Physiology and Pathology</emph>, <emph>University of Liverpool</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Millions of students across the world had their education impacted by the changes to teaching enforced by the COVID‐19 pandemic. As a result, the landscape of anatomy education in veterinary, medical and dental curricula has been transformed. There have been sudden and swift changes from traditional didactic approaches and/or practical methods to those which includes a reliance on technology and forced‐adoption of hybrid‐learning. Additionally, major challenges for academics have been: time constraints; finding ways to substitute the cadaveric exposure; issues with instructional design; and conducting online assessments that are robust, but fair.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> This study explores the impact of COVID‐19 on teaching strategies in veterinary anatomy through a survey sent out to first and second year of BVSc undergraduate students (<emph>n</emph> = 191 and 170 respectively) at the University of Liverpool.</p> <p> <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> The results show there has been a significant impact on the students, including: a lack of motivation; changes to learning resources; mode of teaching; and loss of opportunities to develop hands‐on skills. However, these negative impacts are accompanied by positive changes such as improved use of computer‐based digital technologies and an appreciation for prosected‐based anatomy compared to traditional cadaveric dissections. Undoubtedly, these impacts will have an effect on the future veterinary graduates and should be followed up with a similar study in the future to assess how the affected cohorts progressed through their careers.</p> <p>Ethics approval was granted for this project by the institutional Research Ethics committee <emph>[No. VREC948]</emph>.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-86">043</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-87">Characterizing the effect of hypoxia on muscle‐derived stem cells performance and efficiency...</hd> <p>Mohamed I. Elashry<sups>1</sups>; Mebrie Kinde<sups>1</sups>; Michele C. Klymiuk<sups>1</sups>; Asmaa Eldaey<sups>1,3</sups>; Sabine Wenisch<sups>2</sups> and Stefan Arnhold <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Justus‐Liebig‐University of Giessen</emph>, <emph>Giessen</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Clinic of Small Animals</emph>, <emph>c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Justus Liebig University of Giessen</emph>, <emph>Giessen</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Anatomy and Embryology Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Mansoura</emph>, <emph>Egypt</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Stem cells therapy is a rapidly growing strategy for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Muscle stem cells (SC) play the main role in muscle regeneration. Optimizing oxygen tension in SC microenvironmenton <emph>in vitro</emph> might mimick the <emph>in vivo</emph> tissue regeneration. Here we examine the effect of a low oxygen concentration on SC differentiation protocols.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Cells of the mouse myoblasts cell line C2C12 were cultivated under normoxic (21% O<subs>2</subs>) and hypoxic (3% O<subs>2</subs>) culture conditions for 14 days. Cell proliferation was measured using MTT, and colony formation assays after 1, 4 and 7 days. The cells were differentiated in myogenic differentiation medium (MD) including 2 % horse serum in DMEM in comparison to MD supplemented with either dexamethasone or TGF‐β. MD was evaluated by quantifying the number of MyoD and myogenin positive cells; myotubes formation and expression of the contractile proteins using immunofluorescence and morphometric analyses. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Although the data showed reduced cell proliferation under 24h hypoxia, there was an increase in cell viability after 4 and 7 days. In comparison to normoxia, hypoxia increased the number of MyoD positive cells and on the other hand reduced the number of myogenin positive cells and it delayed myotube formation. Combining MD with the supplementation of dexamethason increased the number, size and the length of the myotubes under hypoxia. However, combined MD with TGFβ enhanced long tube formation.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Hypoxia enhances myoblasts viability and improves the efficiency of the myogenic differentiation protocols.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-88">044</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-89">Vasculature of the metatarsal pad in selected species of birds of prey and owls</hd> <p>Rebekka Schwehn<sups>1</sups>; Elisabeth Engelke<sups>2</sups>; Christian Seiler<sups>3</sups>; Dominik Fischer<sups>4</sups>; Christiane Pfarrer<sups>2</sups>; Michael Fehr<sups>1</sups> and Marko Legler <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Clinic for Small Mammals</emph>, <emph>Reptiles and Birds</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute for Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>4</sups>Zoo Wuppertal</emph>, <emph>Wuppertal</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In falcons, pododermatitis ("Bumble foot") is a common disease. As a possible cause, circulatory disorders of the feet are discussed. Therefore, comparative studies were performed on the vasculature of the metatarsal pad in selected raptor and owl species.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Peregrine Falcon (<emph>Falco peregrinus</emph>), Common Buzzard (<emph>Buteo buteo</emph>), Northern Goshawk (<emph>Accipiter gentilis</emph>), Barn Owl (<emph>Tyto alba</emph>) and Eurasian Eagle‐Owl (<emph>Bubo bubo</emph>) were examined. The birds were euthanized due to animal welfare because of severe injury not affecting the pelvic limb. For histological examination (<emph>n</emph> = 6 per species), paraffin sections of the metatarsal pad were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin or trichrome after Masson‐Goldner. For macroscopic examination (<emph>n</emph> = 13 per species), latex or epoxy resin or barium sulphate suspension was injected through ischiadic artery or external iliac vein. Dissections, analysis of corrosion casts and micro‐computed tomography scans were performed.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The plantar pedal skin is vascularized by branches of the collateral digital arteries and veins. In all examined species, the medial digital artery of the first toe gives rise to the main branch for the metatarsal pad. However, the course of this branch differs interspecifically. In species with a missing fat pad (buzzard, goshawk), the branch takes a straight course, whereas in the other species (falcon, owls), it shows a mesh‐like branching pattern surrounding the fat pad.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The coincidence of a specific arterial branching pattern and the presence of a fat pad for example in Peregrine Falcons, which frequently suffer from pododermatitis, suggest that this anatomical constellation may be predisposing for this disease.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-90">045</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-91">Magnetic Resonance Imaging analysis of the normal feline middle and inner ears: comparison be...</hd> <p>Jonatan Fabre<sups>1</sups>; Adrien Limozin<sups>1</sups>; Marie Escudier‐Donnadieu<sups>1</sups>; Samuel Boucher<sups>2</sups>; Benjamin Cartiaux<sups>1</sups>; Alexandra Deviers<sups>3</sups>; Nicolas Gaide<sups>1</sups> and Giovanni Mogicato<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Université de Toulouse</emph>, <emph>ENVT</emph>, <emph>Toulouse</emph>, <emph>France; <sups>2</sups>ToNIC</emph>, <emph>Toulouse NeuroImaging Center</emph>, <emph>Université de Toulouse</emph>, <emph>Inserm</emph>, <emph>UPS</emph>, <emph>Toulouse</emph>, <emph>France; <sups>3</sups>ToNIC</emph>, <emph>Toulouse NeuroImaging Center</emph>, <emph>Université de Toulouse</emph>, <emph>Inserm</emph>, <emph>UPS</emph>, <emph>ENVT</emph>, <emph>Toulouse</emph>, <emph>France</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Hearing is a sense that is central to life for cats, especially for communication with conspecifics and other species. As in humans, deafness in cats may result from acquired causes such as advancing age and can be sensorineural or conductive. The audition and ear anatomy of cats have been relatively well studied, but there is no study relating the effect of age concerning morphometric analysis of the middle and inner ears. The aim of this study was to compare these structures between middle‐aged and old cats using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) morphometric analysis.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> MRI scans (3T System, Philips, Toulouse, France) were obtained from heads of twelve cats (seven >10 years old and seven <6 years old) without hearing or neurological disorders. Measurements were performed using the medical images analysis software Horos with multiplan reconstructions. Bullar volume (middle ear) and many data of cochlear duct (inner ear) were calculated after measurements in MRI scans images.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Morphometric analysis of the bullar volume and of the inner ear showed no significant differences between middle‐aged and old cats.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Even though our results need to be confirmed in a large population, the inner ear MRI morphometric analysis seems to show no significant differences between middle‐aged and old cats. However, a computed tomography study would allow to improve bone delineation and histological studies are needed to assess hair cell density.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (APAFIS#21559‐2019071917392588v3).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-92">046</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-93">Biomimetic cell cultures: techniques and terminology</hd> <p>Anne‐Sophie Fisch<sups>1</sups>; Ingeborg Tinhofer‐Keilholz <sups>2</sups> and Johanna Plendl <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institut für Veterinär‐Anatomie</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Klinik für Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie</emph>, <emph>Charité Universitätsmedizin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Institut für Veterinär‐Anatomie</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Cell culture techniques are in compliance with animal welfare and indispensable for many applications including drug development and personalized medicine.</p> <p>3D and 4D cultures recently replace traditional 2D <emph>in vitro</emph> models. Inconsistent terminology complicates key‐word searches as well as choice and comparison of models. This study aims to present an overview of biomimetic three‐dimensional approaches based on literature search and own data.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Literature search was carried out via electronic databases like pubmed, google scholar and library portal Primo. Own studies include 3D cultures of endothelial or tumor cells for different research questions concerning angiogenesis and vasculogenesis and tumor‐derived spheroids and organoids.</p> <p> <bold>Results</bold>: 3D cultures are grown on different scaffolds or matrices or in bioreactors. Co‐cultures of two or more cell types such as skin constructs with endothelial cells emulate vascularization. Frequently used 3D biomimetic models are spheroids, organoids and embryoids. Cultured on non‐adherent surfaces, cells cluster to spherical structures by self‐assembly, so‐called spheroids.</p> <p>In contrast, organoids, embryoids and gastruloids are pluripotent embryonic stem cells, which organize upon incubation in specific growth factors and extracellular matrices. Tumoroids are based on cancer stem cells. Organs‐on‐chips consist of 3D polymeric microchannels lined by cells exposed to biomechanical forces. 4D cell cultures include analysis of changes of cellular properties over time (4th dimension).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Biomimetic cell cultures pave the way for new treatment options and a better understanding of cell biology in animals and humans. Latest therapeutic approaches of personalized medicine are based on those cultures from cancer patients.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-94">047</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-95">Persisting mesonephric ducts in female southern tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla)</hd> <p>Lilja Fromme<sups>1</sups><sups>,2</sups>; Débora Regina Yogui<sups>3,4</sups>; Mario Henrique Alves<sups>3,5</sups>; Arnaud Leonard Jean Desbiez<sups>3,6,7</sups>; André Luiz Quagliatto Santos<sups>8</sups>; Ursula Siebert<sups>1</sups>; Ralph Brehm<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute for Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS)</emph>, <emph>Project Anteaters and Highways</emph>, <emph>Campo Grande</emph>, <emph>Brazil; <sups>4</sups>Nashville Zoo</emph>, <emph>Nashville</emph>, <emph>TN</emph>, <emph>USA; <sups>5</sups>Fundación Zoológica de Cali</emph>, <emph>Valle del Cauca</emph>, <emph>Colombia; <sups>6</sups>Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS)</emph>, <emph>Edinburgh</emph>, <emph>UK; <sups>7</sups>Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ)</emph>, <emph>Nazaré Paulista</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brasil; <sups>8</sups>Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (LAPAS)</emph>, <emph>Universidade Federal de Uberlândia</emph>, <emph>Uberlândia</emph>, <emph>Brazil</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The southern tamandua belongs to the superorder Xenarthra which occupies a basal position among placental mammals and whose members share some peculiar morphological characteristics.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The present study analysed gross and microscopic anatomy of the reproductive organs of six adult female road‐kill specimens in Brazil.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The reproductive organs consisted of ovoid ovaries, coiled uterine tubes, a simple uterus and a vagina that opened into a long vaginal vestibule. Interestingly, all studied females possessed a pair of well‐differentiated mesonephric ducts that originated in the ventral vaginal wall at the height of the vaginal opening into the vestibule, passed in cranial direction through the ventral vaginal and uterine wall and subsequently extended highly coiled along the ipsilateral uterine tube until the lateral pole of the ovary. In the vaginal and uterine section, the ducts showed a thick muscular wall and a central lumen with a width of up to 600 µm and either a simple cuboidal epithelium or low mucosal folds lined by a stratified epithelium. The lumen gradually decreased and displayed a width of only 20 – 60 µm and a simple cuboidal epithelium in the coiled portion of the ducts, adjacent to the uterine tubes.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The persisting mesonephric ducts in female southern tamanduas exhibit similarities to male epididymal and deferent ducts and add to the peculiar morphological findings in the species. Further research should analyse the possible function of those developmental remnants and examine whether they are a shared characteristic among all xenarthans.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-96">048</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-97">Comparative histological and histochemical features of the duodenal Bruner's glands in chinch...</hd> <p>Adrian F. Gal<sups>1</sups>; Mircea Cipou<sups>2</sups>; Florin Ghiurco<sups>2</sups>; Adriana Chende<sups>2</sups>; Viorel Miclăuș <sups>1</sups> and Aurel Damian<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Department of Histology and embryology</emph> , <emph>Manastur Street no 3‐5</emph>, <emph>Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>400372</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>2</sups>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Manastur Street no 3‐5</emph>, <emph>Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>400372</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Since their discovery by Wepfer in 1679, the duodenal glands have been an attractive research topic. The study aimed to perform a comparative morphological and histochemical evaluation of the duodenal glands in three rodent species.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Duodenal tissue samples harvested from rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas, underwent fixation in 10% buffered formalin and were later processed by standard paraffin technique. Tissue sections were stained by Goldner's trichrome method and histochemically by PAS (neutral mucins) and Alcian blue reactions (acidic mucins). All animals utilised in the study were euthanized due to domestic accidents.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Histologically, the duodenal Bruner's glands are located in the submucosa in rabbits and guinea pigs, while in chinchillas they are placed predominantly in the submucosa and partially in the mucosa. In guinea pigs and chinchillas, the glands are made only of mucous cells, whereas in rabbits the mucous and serous cells were identified. Histochemically, in chinchillas the mucous cells are intensity PAS‐positive (++) as compared to rabbits and guinea pigs (+). Conversely, the mucous cells displayed an intense Alcian blue reaction (++) in rabbits, and a moderate reaction in chinchillas and guinea pigs.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Several histological and histochemical features were detected in the duodenal Bruner's glands in the three rodent species assessed. Histochemical stain suggested that in rabbits the secretion is the most prominent and chiefly acidic, whereas in chinchillas the secretion is intense and mainly neutral. In guinea pigs, the secretion of neutral and acidic mucins is modest and similar in quantity.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-98">049</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-99">Investigating the effect of diet on collagen content within the bovine hoof</hd> <p>Sophie Galloway<sups>1</sups>; Aziza Alibhai<sups>1</sups>; Shane O'Connell<sups>2</sups>; Catrin Sian Rutland<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>School of Veterinary Medicine and Science</emph>, <emph>University of Nottingham</emph>, <emph>Sutton Bonington</emph>, <emph>Loughborough</emph>, <emph>Leicestershire</emph>, <emph>LE12 5RD; <sups>2</sups>Marigot Ltd</emph>, <emph>Co Cork Ireland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Collagen is essential for hoof health and lameness is a major welfare and productivity issue in cattle costing £180 per cow, equating to ~£15,000 for an averaged sized herd. Poor nutrition, hard surfaces and disease have been attributed as potential causes of lameness. This project assessed the amount of collagen in the suspensory apparatus and digital cushion in the bovine hoof from animals fed with four different diets.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Hooves from fourteen cows from 4 different dietary groups (sodium bicarbonate, acid buf, acid buf+zinc, acid buf+tin) were collected post‐slaughter. Tissue from three areas of suspensory apparatus and two areas of the digital cushion was dissected, processed, sectioned and Picro Sirius Red (PSR) stained. Sections underwent systematic random sampling with photomicrographs obtained under polarized light. Five images from each tissue sample were analyzed using Image Pro Premier to ascertain collagen proportions and SPSS for statistical analysis.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Type I, III and total collagen levels were present but not significantly different between the four dietary groups. Collagen type III was more prevalent than type I in both the suspensory apparatus and the digital cushion.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This pilot study indicated no significant differences between the amounts of type I, III and total collagen in the suspensory apparatus and digital cushion between the differing diets. Comparing differing types and amounts of collagen in varying anatomical locations highlighted the importance of assessing individual areas separately, given the differences observed and could be of interest in future studies.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the University of Nottingham institutional ethics committee under UK Home Office regulations [3131 200305].</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-100">050</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-101">Telocytes in pancreas – A way‐forward towards paracrine communication?</hd> <p>Noor Samad Gandahi<sups>1,2</sups>; Jameel Ahmed Gandahi<sups>2,3</sups>; Qiusheng Chen<sups>1</sups>; Ping Yang*<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>College of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Nanjing Agricultural University 210095</emph>, <emph>Jiangsu‐PR China; <sups>2</sups>Department of Anatomy and Histology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences</emph>, <emph>Sindh Agriculture University 70060</emph>, <emph>Tandojam; <sups>3</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University 9000</emph>, <emph>Belgium</emph></p> <p>Telocytes (TCs) were reported in the exocrine pancreas of Chinese Soft‐shelled turtle <emph>(Pelodiscus sinensis)</emph> using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The TCs existence was observed in surroundings of the acini, in the connective tissue of ducts, between lobules, and gland cells. Telocytes also preferentially occupied the loci in the vicinity of blood vessels. The cytoplasmic extensions of the telocytes were interrupted by podoms and podomers. Vesicular cargo, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria were also reported in the extensions of TCs. The telocytes might have a role in paracrine cellular communication in the connective tissue and parenchymal flora of the exocrine pancreas in the aquatic reptiles.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-102">051</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-103">Alternatives to formaldehyde in vet‐anatomy teaching – feed‐back by students and staff</hd> <p>Balazs Gerics</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Morphology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold>Although formaldehyde is widely used in veterinary teaching for preservation, replacements have to be introduced – e.g. due to regulation. Nitrite pickling salt solution was used as preservative. Specimen presented – partly along with fresh cadavers – were evaluated by students and colleagues anonymously.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Students in the trial (n = 64) participated voluntarily, without any (dis‐)advantages. 38 of them were assigned to four groups – each dissecting on both salt‐ and formaldehyde‐fixed extremities of dogs and cats. A further group of students (n = 26) received fresh cadavers as well. In the questionnaire, we asked for detailed opinions about color, smell and texture of muscles, vessels and nerves. Staff was additionally asked to reflect on suitability for study purposes and technical issues while handling the specimens.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> A good acceptance of alternatives to formaldehyde was recorded throughout the trial; fresh cadavers were preferred over the ones stored in pickling salt solution. Those preserved in formaldehyde were rather far from the favorites. Reasons students did not reject these later ones are mainly based in the system of their end‐term‐exams.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> By offering reasonable alternatives, both students and staff are happy to leave the era of formaldehyde behind them. Arrangements done in Vienna lately seem to provide one sustainable facet when looking for further possibilities of hands‐on dissections.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-104">052</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-105">Organization and DTI analyses of the orbitofrontal cortex of the sheep, and comparison with m...</hd> <p>Tommaso Gerussi; Jean‐Marie Graïc; Antonella Peruffo; Bruno Cozzi</p> <p> <emph>Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA)</emph>, <emph>University of Padua</emph>, <emph>Legnaro</emph>, <emph>Italy</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The objective of this research was the study of the topography, organization, cytoarchitectonic and fiber connections of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of the sheep. Comparisons were then made with other <emph>Bovidae</emph> and Primates, including the human homologous OFC.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> We performed Nissl's staining and immunocytochemistry with Calbindin D‐28k, Parvalbumin, and Calretinin on five sheep (<emph>Ovis aries</emph>), a blackbuck (<emph>Antilope cervicapra</emph>), and a chimpanzee (<emph>Pan troglodytes</emph>). Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) was performed in three sheep and five humans (Human Connectome Project). The thickness of the cortices and the individual layers were calculated and the fiber course to other cortical areas determined.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Histology confirmed the absence of layer IV in most areas of bovids and differences in whole cortex and single layer thicknesses. In bovids, layer I was 21% of the thickness while in the chimpanzee the 8,7%. Interneurons and pyramidal neurons displaying calcium‐binding proteins had a different distribution in the species. DTI showed more intracranial fibers in humans while sheep had more corticofugal fibers. We noted a marked asymmetry in the connections of the sheep OFC (but not in man), with more fibers on the right side.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The OFC of the <emph>Bovidae</emph> appeared simpler than that of primates and organized with a different intercolumnar circuitry. In the sheep, DTI showed how this area was strongly connected to the extracranial CNS. We also emphasized that the unexpected relative asymmetry with a right‐sided prevalence suggested a different functionality between the two hemispheres.</p> <p>The sheep were slaughtered in accordance with the European Community Council directive concerning animal welfare (86/609/EEC). The other animals were housed in natural theme parks and brought to the Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science of the University of Padova for post‐mortem diagnostics.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-106">053</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-107">Anatomic and histologic study of the canine radioulnar fibrocartilage</hd> <p>Sonia González‐Rellán<sups>1</sups>; Patricia Fdez‐de‐Trocóniz<sups>1</sups>; Andrés Barreiro<sups>1, 2</sups> and Manuel Cifuentes <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Departamento de Anatomía</emph>, <emph>Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias</emph>, <emph>USC</emph>, <emph>Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>2</sups>Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina</emph>, <emph>Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The fibrocartilage located between the distal aspect of the canine radius and ulna is not included in the <emph>Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria</emph>, but it appears in the literature as an articular disc, in correlation to that of the triangular fibrocartilage complex of human wrists. The aims of this study are to describe its anatomic characteristics and to verify its correspondence with a proper articular disc.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fifty‐nine carpi obtained from thirty‐five canine cadavers were examined. The inclusion criteria were dogs weighing more than 20 kg with the lack of both musculoskeletal disorders in orthopedic examination and radiographic signs of disease in the carpal region. Fifty‐three carpi were dissected and the remaining six were cut in transverse slices of 3 mm. Samples were harvested for histology.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The radioulnar fibrocartilage is a wedge‐shaped structure that extends over the articular surfaces of the radius and ulna, bonding them and improving their congruence. Histologic examination demonstrated its fibrocartilaginous composition and revealed the additional presence of osseous tissue separated by a clearly defined transition zone.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The anatomic characteristics of the radioulnar fibrocartilage were described. An articular disc has a discoid shape and divides an articular space into two compartments. However, the radioulnar fibrocartilage has a wedge shape and does not separate any articular space. Finally, it has an additional bonding function between the ulna and radius, which is not a function of articular discs of synovial joints (i.e., the temporomandibular joint). Consequently, authors suggest avoiding this term to prevent erroneous correlations.</p> <p> <emph>All experimental procedures correspond to a larger project for a doctoral thesis that was approved by the animal bioethics committee of the Rof Codina Veterinary University Hospital (HVU‐RC) of the University of Santiago de Compostela</emph>.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-108">054</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-109">Morphological characteristics of the adrenal glands of the Linnaeus's two‐toed sloth (Choloep...</hd> <p>Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk<sups>1</sups>; Pavla Hamouzová<sups>2</sups>; Joanna Klećkowska‐Nawrot <sups>1</sups> and Petr Čížek <sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Wroclaw</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>2</sups>Department of Physiology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>3</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Linnaeus's two‐toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) belongs to Pilosa order. Because of the lack information about the adrenal glands morphology of two‐toe sloth the purpose of this research was to determine the morphometric and histological features of these endocrine glands.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The adrenal glands were collected from one adult Choloepus didactylus following its natural death in Zoo. The macroscopic analysis and histological examination (hematoxylin&eosin, Azan trichrome and picro‐Mallory staining methods) of the adrenal glands were performed. Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 light microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) was used for evaluation of the slides.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The right and left adrenal glands had elongated shape. The right and left adrenal glands length was approximately 2 cm and 2.5 cm, respectively. The width of the right and left adrenal glands was around 0.5 cm and 0.7 cm. The thickness of the connective tissue capsule of adrenal gland was 173.88 ± 68.5 µm. The thin external layer of cortex was the zona glomerulosa with high and cylindrical cells. The predominance cells of the zona fasciculata contained of foam‐like cytoplasm, while the zona reticulata was composed of cells with various shape. Between the cortex and medulla the layer of connective tissue with numerous blood vessels was observed. The cells of medulla were arranged in the form of "islets". The big central vein was recognized within the medulla.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The left adrenal gland of two‐toed sloth was larger than right adrenal gland. The adrenal glands had different shape in comparison to the adrenal glands of other Pilosa order representative as giant anteater.</p> <p>According to the Polish and European law, studies on tissues obtained post‐mortem do not require an approval of the Ethics Committee (2010/63/ EU DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes) and THE JOURNAL OF LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, the Act of January 15, 2015 on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-110">055</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-111">Morphological characteristics of the vallate papillae of the tongue in the Himalayan red pand...</hd> <p>Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk<sups>1</sups>; Pavla Hamouzová<sups>2</sups>; Joanna Klećkowska‐Nawrot <sups>1</sups> and Petr Čížek <sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Wroclaw</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>2</sups>Department of Physiology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>3</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens f.) is an endangered species according to The (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. This animal belongs to the Carnivora order. Bamboo predominates in the diet of this endemic animal from the Himalaya. The aim of this study was the description of the morphological features of the vallate papillae of the tongue of Ailurus fulgens f.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Tongues were collected from two adult Himalayan red pandas. The animals came from Wroclaw Zoological Garden and post‐mortem examination of these two red pandas didn't show any pathological features within the oral cavity. The macroscopic analysis and ultrastructural examination of the vallate papillae of the obtained tongues were performed. Tescan VEGA TS 5,136 XM (Tescan, s.r.o.) scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for this study.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Vallate papillae of the tongue were observed on their dorsal surface between the body and root of the tongue. The vallate papillae were round and/or oval in shape, while their diameter was approximately 0.7‐2.2 mm. The number of vallate papillae was 12 in red panda 1, while 13 vallate papillae were present in red panda 2. SEM study showed the irregular surface of the vallate papillae, however some papillae had more smooth surface. The annular pads around of the vallate papillae had also irregular surface.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The detailed analysis of microstructure of the vallate papillae of Ailurus fulgens f. showed the differences with comparison to the other representants of Carnivora order (in number as well as in shape of these papillae).</p> <p>According to the Polish and European law, studies on tissues obtained post‐mortem do not require an approval of the Ethics Committee (2010/63/ EU DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes) and THE JOURNAL OF LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, the Act of January 15, 2015 on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-112">056</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-113">Histological and histochemical study of the mandibular gland of the Indochinese clouded leopa...</hd> <p>Joanna Klećkowska‐Nawrtot<sups>1</sups>; Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk<sups>1</sups>; and Krzysztof Stegmann <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Wroclaw</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>2</sups>Wroclaw Zoological Garden</emph>, <emph>Wroclaw</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The Indochinese Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) belongs to the Pantherinae, it weighs 11‐23 kg which makes it the smallest representative. It is strongly associated with forest habitat, particularly primary evergreen tropical forest. It is notable for an elongated skull, exceptionally long canines, short legs and a tail as long as its head‐body length. Its unique appearance also makes its skin one of the most desirable products in illegal wildlife trade of Southeast Asia, which is one of the major factors threatening their population.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The samples of mandibular gland were collected from one adult female of Indochinese clouded leopard coming from Wroclaw Zoological Garden. The histological analysis of the mandibular gland was performed using H&E, Azan trichrome, PAS, AB pH1.0, AB pH2.5, AB pH2.5/PAS, HDI staining methods.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The mandibular gland was a multilobar tubuloalveolar compound gland with a mucoserous nature. This gland was surrounded by the thick connective tissue capsule. Thick and thin interlobar septa divided this gland into the numerous big lobes and sparse small lobes. The lobes were composed of tubules with numerous mucous cells as well as serous cells (as serous demilunes). The histochemical study showed PAS, AB pH2.5, AB pH2.5/PAS strongly positive reaction, while AB pH1.0 and HDI middle positive reaction.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results of our study confirmed that the mandibular gland of clouded leopard is a compound tubuloalveolar gland similarly to the results obtained within other Felidae species.</p> <p>According to the Polish and European law, studies on tissues obtained post‐mortem do not require an approval of the Ethics Committee.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-114">057</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-115">Histological and histochemical analysis of the monostomatic sublingual gland of the Indochine...</hd> <p>Joanna Klećkowska‐Nawrtot<sups>1</sups>; Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk<sups>1</sups>; and Krzysztof Stegmann <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Wroclaw</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>2</sups>Wroclaw Zoological Garden</emph>, <emph>Wroclaw</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The Indochinese Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is an endangered, semiarboreal, medium‐sized cat inhabiting tropical forests of southern and southeast Asia. The clouded leopards were formerly classified as a single species of the genus Neofelis. After genetic and morphometric studies in 2006 the populations from the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo are recognized as a distinct species.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The monostomatic sublingual gland was collected from one female of Indochinese clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) (5 years, 6 months, 24 days). The animal came from Wroclaw Zoological Garden and samples were obtained post‐mortem. The histological analysis of the monostomatic sublingual gland was performed with using of H&E, Azan trichrome, PAS, AB pH1.0, AB pH2.5, AB pH2.5/PAS, HDI staining methods.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The monostomatic sublingual gland was a multilobar compound tubular gland with mucous nature. This gland was surrounded by the thick connective tissue capsule. Thick and thin interlobar septa divided this gland into the numerous big lobes and sparse small lobes. The lobes consisted of tubules. The tubules had numerous mucous cells with highly flattened, spindle‐shaped cell nuclei moved around the perimeter of the basal portions by the secretion accumulated in the cells. The histochemical study showed PAS, AB pH2.5, AB pH2.5/PAS strongly positive reaction (+++), and AB pH1.0 middle positive reaction (++/+++). On the other hand, HDI staining showed slightly (‐/+) positive reaction.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results of our study confirmed that the monostomatic sublingual gland of clouded leopard is a compound tubular gland with a dominant mucous nature.</p> <p>According to the Polish and European law, studies on tissues obtained post‐mortem do not require an approval of the Ethics Committee.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-116">058</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-117">Visual cortices of Cetartiodactyla – an update on the view</hd> <p>Jean‐Marie Graïc<sups>1</sups>; Antonella Peruffo<sups>1</sups>; Livio Corain<sups>2</sups>; Livio Finos<sups>3</sups>; Enrico Grisan <sups>4,5</sups> and Bruno Cozzi<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA)</emph>, <emph>University of Padua</emph>, <emph>Legnaro</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>2</sups>Department of Management and Engineering</emph>, <emph>University of Padua</emph>, <emph>Legnaro</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>3</sups>Department of Information Engineering</emph>, <emph>University of Padua</emph>, <emph>Legnaro</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>4</sups>Artificial Intelligence School of Engineering</emph>, <emph>London South Bank University</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The organization of the visual cortex is relatively poorly described in domestic species. Here we compared the cytoarchitecture of the primary visual area (V1) of Cetartiodactyls, and investigated whether other factors (including the position of the eyes and the visual angle) influenced it.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Samples (<emph>n</emph> = 23) were collected from a CITES authorized tissue bank (for CITES protected species) or from local slaughterhouses (for farm animals), and included <emph>Pan troglodytes</emph>, <emph>Macaca mulatta</emph>, <emph>Hippopotamus amphibius</emph>, <emph>Elaphurus davidianus</emph>, <emph>Giraffa camelopardalis</emph>, <emph>Ovis aries</emph>, <emph>Equus caballus</emph>, <emph>Tursiops truncatus</emph>, <emph>Grampus griseus</emph>, <emph>Ziphius cavirostris</emph>, <emph>Globicephala melas</emph>, <emph>Balaenoptera physalus</emph>). Samples of V1 were fixed in formalin and processed for histology and immunohistochemistry. Nissl staining associated with calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) were used to assess cytoarchitecture. Digitalization and image analyses were performed to statistically compare neuron morphology and density by cortical layer across species.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The structure of the layers was markedly different among and within groups. Calcium‐binding proteins (CBP) marking followed the general mammalian pattern. Nissl‐stained slides showed no layer4; nevertheless, CBPs‐positive inhibitory interneurons were evident in the same position. Statistical differences among layers were significant in the various groups, including those relative to density and the position of the eyes.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The present work reports differences in cytoarchitecture, and in particular in the distribution of interneurons, that emphasize the diverse organization of V1 in different taxa. Statistical differences in neuron morphology confirmed that variations in cortical structure exist among mammals, possibly reflecting the evolution of specific visual strategies.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-118">059</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-119">Effects of congenital toxoplasmosis on the developing brain of the guinea pig</hd> <p>Thomas Grochow<sups>1,2</sups>; Britta Beck<sups>1,2</sups>; Zaida Rentería‐Solís;<sups>2</sups>; Gereon Schares<sups>3</sups>; Pavlo Maksimov³; Christina Strube<sups>4</sups>; Lisa Raqué<sups>5</sups>; Reiner Ulrich<sups>6</sups>; Arwid Daugschies<sups>2</sups>; Simone A. Fietz<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Parasitology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut</emph>, <emph>Federal Research Institute for Animal Health</emph>, <emph>Greifswald</emph>, <emph>Insel Riems</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>4</sups>Institute of Parasitology</emph>, <emph>Centre for infection Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>5</sups>Veterinary practice Raqué</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>6</sups>Institute of Veterinary Pathology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite <emph>Toxoplasma</emph> (<emph>T</emph>.) <emph>gondii</emph>, is among the most prevalent zoonoses. If first infection occurs during pregnancy, <emph>T. gondii</emph> is able to infect the foetus, which may cause lesions in its brain. Until now, detailed data on the host cells and in the developing brain are lacking. This project aims to establish the guinea pig as a model for congenital toxoplasmosis and characterize the specific host cells and alterations in the offspring brain.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Time‐mated guinea pigs were orally infected with different doses (<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref5">10</reflink>, 100, 500) of <emph>T. gondii</emph>‐oocysts (strain ME49) at different time points (days 15, 30, 48) during gestation. Parasite loads in offspring organs were determined by qPCR. Alterations in the offspring brains were assessed by pathomorphological examination. Data of cell tropism were obtained by immunohistochemistry.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> <emph>T. gondii</emph> DNA was detected in the majority of offspring brains analyzed with animals administrated 10 and 100 oocysts showing highest parasite levels. Pathohistological examinations showed necrotizing encephalitis. Tachyzoites were visualized in the offspring brain by immunohistochemistry.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our results show that <emph>T. gondii</emph> (strain ME49) is vertically transmitted in guinea pigs and infects the offspring brain, demonstrating the suitability for studying congenital toxoplasmosis in the offspring brain. The specific cellular localizations are currently being investigated. By establishing an appropriate model for congenital toxoplasmosis and providing data on cell tropism of <emph>T. gondii</emph>, this model expands our understanding of the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis in the developing brain.</p> <p>All animal experiments were performed in accordance with German animal welfare legislation and were approved by the Landesdirektion Sachsen (TVV 45/17, DD24.1‐5131./390/47)</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-120">060</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-121">Morphological and morphometrical aspects of the auditory ossicles in roe deer (Capreolus capr...</hd> <p>Martonos Cristian<sups>1</sups>; Gudea Alexandru<sups>1</sups>; Damian Aurel <sups>1</sups> ; Rus Vasile<sups>2</sups>; Gal Adrian<sups>2</sups>; Chirilean Ioana<sups>1</sups>; Dezdrobitu Cristian <sups>3</sups> ; Irimie Alexandra <sups>1</sups> and Stan Florin <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>2</sups>Department of Histology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>3</sups>School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ross University</emph>, <emph>St. Kitts</emph>, <emph>Basseterre</emph>, <emph>West Indies</emph>, <emph>USA</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The morphology of the auditory system is still raising some questions in regards to adaptive changes and features in different species. This is the reason for our initiative in the morphology of the auditory ossicles in a species that is widely spread all over. Morphological data and morphometrics are not published for this species, providing comparative data for further research.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Auditory ossicles were harvested from 6 crania from the osteological collection of our Department. Careful mechanical approach with an electrical mini saw disk was used by cutting the bony part of the auditory canal and lateral side of the tympanic cavity, exposing the ossicular and the removal of each ossicle. Mechanical cleaning came after and pieces were photographed, measured in accordance to available methods and templates.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The study provides some distinctive aspects of the auditory ossicles alongside comparative morphometric data. The most important features noted are: evident conical shape of muscular process of malleus and triangular aspect of the handle of malleus. For the incus, a short body of the bone and the direct continuation, with no clear distinction as an individualized piece, for the lenticular process. As for the stapes, the clear profiling of the muscular tubercle for the stapedial muscle and elliptic shape of the foot of the stapes is noted.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The study provides a series of distinctive aspects of the auditory ossicles alongside comparative morphometric data, bringing facts in respect to morphology of the auditory ossicles in this little studied species.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-122">061</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-123">Anatomical investigations using corrosion technique on the coronary arteries in donkey (Equus...</hd> <p>Gudea Alexandru; Stan Florin; Damian Aurel; Berlea Alina; Roman Irina; Martonos Cristian</p> <p> <emph>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>România</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Corrosion casting is a technique used in anatomical studies that use a mix of liquid chemicals (polymers) that have the chemical feature that solidify in tubular or hollow structures followed by chemical corrosion of the organic structures around. We have attempted a cheap, effective method using commercial epoxy resins to highlight the patterns of coronary arteries distribution in a species that is so not commonly studied.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The hearts belonging to 5 adult donkeys (<emph>Equus asinus</emph>) of both sexes were harvested, processed and injected with a low‐viscosity coloured epoxy resin (Megapoxy H resin Vivacity Engineering PTY LTD) using a calibrated catheter into the coronary arteries at the level of Valsalva's sinuses. After hardening, a 15‐20% hydrochloric acid maceration followed. Mechanical cleaning of the debrids led to exposure of the arterial tree in a satisfactory manner.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The left coronary artery (<emph>A. coronaria sinistra</emph>) and right coronary (<emph>A. coronaria dextra</emph>) originate at the level of the aortic bulb (<emph>Sinus aortae</emph>), a little above the semilunar cusps. Most of the branches detached follow the commonly‐described pattern, with some peculiar morphological aspects that were highlighted in the case of the <emph>ramus collateralis sinister proximalis</emph>, the presence of middle collateral detached from <emph>ramus interventricularis paraconalis</emph> and the identification of an innominate branch that connects the initial part of the <emph>a. coronaria dextra</emph>, before splitting terminally.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The used technique highlights these elements of the coronary arteries' morphology and may serve as a handy, easy, cheap tool in didactical and scientific approaches.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-124">062</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-125">Morphological and pathological aspects of the intraovarian portion of the rete ovarii in the...</hd> <p>Pavla Hamouzová<sups>1</sups>; Petr Čížek<sups>2</sups>; Gabriella Bartakovicsová<sups>1</sups>; Libuše Poldová<sups>1</sups>; Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk<sups>3</sups>; Joanna Klećkowska‐Nawrot<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Physiology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>2</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Sciences Brno</emph>, <emph>Brno</emph>, <emph>Czech Republic; <sups>3</sups>Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Rete ovarii is a remnant of mesonephric cells. Cystic rete ovarii is common in guinea pigs, but the etiopathogenesis is still unknown. Therefore, a description of the rete ovarii was performed, including aspects that can affect the development of the cysts.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> All 21 guinea pigs whose organs were used were kept as pets and ovariectomized for preventive or therapeutic reasons. No experimental procedure was performed on them. Thus, no ethical approval was required. Ovaries were fixed in 10 % formalin. Paraffin sections were routinely processed for HE staining, PAS staining and CD10 immunohistochemical detection. Slides were evaluated under 400x and 1000x magnification.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The intraovarian portion of the rete was found in the medulla or hilus in 100 % of the samples. Rete ovarii consisted of individual tubules of various sizes. Their lumen was lined with a simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium. Rete ovarii did not reach the cortex unless a cystic dilation increased its size. Cystic rete was found in 57 % of samples (the origin of cysts from rete was confirmed by CD10 expression). PAS‐positive fluid indicating secretion activity of the epithelium of the rete/cysts was not found in the lumen.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study describes rete ovarii. It confirms the frequent presence of the intraovarian rete in adult guinea pigs and the extremely frequent development of cysts arising from this structure.</p> <p>The research was supported by IGA VETUNI (grant 112/2021/FVL) and ITA VFU Brno (grant FVL/Tichý/ITA2020).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-126">063</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-127">Isolation of equine medicinal signaling cells from dental pulp, periodontal ligament and retr...</hd> <p>Laura Heilen; Jessica Roßgardt and Carsten Staszyk</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Veterinary‐Anatomy</emph>, <emph>‐Histology and ‐Embryology</emph>, <emph>Justus‐Liebig‐University</emph>, <emph>Gießen</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Medicinal signaling cells (MSCs) play a key role in anti‐inflammatory processes and tissue regeneration. Hitherto, only limited information exists concerning characteristics of MSCs isolated from ectomesenchymal tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate, cultivate and evaluate of equine MSCs harvested from dental pulp, periodontal ligament (PDL) and retrobulbar fat.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> MSCs were isolated from 6‐20 year old horses euthanized due to medical issues. Isolation consisted of cutting jaw segments with maxillary and mandibular incisors, followed by thin horizontal cuts of teeth I1‐I3. The occlusal surface was rejected. Pulp tissue was obtained by extraction with hedstrom files and forceps. For extraction of PDL a sagittal cut of specimen was implemented, teeth were separated and the PDL scraped with a bone rongeur forceps. Additionally, two pieces of retrobulbar fat were collected. For sample preparation two protocols were tested. The first involved a digestion with collagenase and the second consisted of direct cell migration from seeded tissue. Retrobulbar fat solely was digested. The cultivation medium for MSCs from dental pulp and PDL comprised DMEM‐HG, Penicillin/Streptomycin, MEM‐NEAA and FCS. For cultivation of MSCs from retrobulbar fat DMEM‐LG instead of DMEM‐HG was used.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> MSCs could be isolated from dental pulp, PDL and retrobulbar fat. The cells were proliferating, plastic‐adherent and showed a typical spindle‐shaped morphology. It was shown that more MSCs could be obtained directly without previous digestion.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Finally, a suitable protocol for isolation of MSCs from dental pulp, PDL and retrobulbar fat was developed. Further on a characterization of MSCs should be conducted.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the local authorities (Regierungspräsidum Gießen, KTV Nr. 20xx/123).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-128">064</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-129">Specific target proteins and their role in angiogenesis in vitro</hd> <p>Christina Herre<sups>1</sups>; Arpenik Nshdejan<sups>1</sups>; Robert Klopfleisch<sups>2</sups>; Giuliano Mario Corte<sups>1</sups> and Mahtab Bahramsoltani<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Veterinary Pathology</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Angiogenesis plays a significant role in ischemic diseases, tumor growth and metastasis. Still <emph>in vitro</emph> assays of angiogenesis frequently fail considering their reproducibility, potentially due to variances in the angiogenic potency of Endothelial Cells (ECs). Cellular mechanisms which increase or decrease the angiogenic potency are still obscure. During previous analyses, eight specific proteins were identified to be expressed differentially in angiogenic and non‐angiogenic ECs (Bahramsoltani et al. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2013; 55, 255‐269). This study focuses on three of these proteins, i.e. vimentin, adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type‐2 and triosephosphate isomerase, and their impact on the angiogenic potency.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Human dermal microvascular ECs were cultivated in a proangiogenic medium. The process of angiogenesis <emph>in vitro</emph> was quantified by staging the time‐dependent morphological changes. Vimentin's influence on the angiogenic potency of the cultured ECs was examined by shRNA‐mediated knock‐down and subsequent quantification of angiogenesis. Protein‐ and mRNA‐levels of all proteins were detected at four time points via Western blot and RT‐qPCR.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Preliminary results show that native ECs were able to run through all stages of angiogenesis <emph>in vitro</emph>, chronologically. In contrast, infected cells were unable to enter late stages of angiogenesis. Furthermore, all proteins showed an increased expression in early stages of the angiogenic cascade, followed by a decrease.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The expression levels of all three proteins appeared to be dependent on specific angiogenic stages. Gene silencing of vimentin inhibits ECs to enter all stages of angiogenesis <emph>in vitro</emph>, concluding that vimentin raises their angiogenic potency.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-130">065</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-131">Hypoxia of neonatal meniscus: maturation towards a fibro‐chondrocytes phenotype through the m...</hd> <p>Valentina Herrera<sups>1,2</sups>; Barbara Canciani<sups>2</sups>; Fabio Biancoli<sups>1</sups>; Margherita Pallaoro<sups>1</sups>; Laura Mangiavini<sups>2,3</sups>; Luigi Anastasia<sups>4,5</sups>; Federica Cirillo<sups>4</sups>; Giuseppe Peretti<sups>2,3</sups>; Silvia Modina<sups>1</sups> and Alessia Di Giancamillo<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Milan</emph>, <emph>Milan</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>2</sups>IRCCS</emph>, <emph>Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi</emph>, <emph>Milan</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>3</sups>Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health</emph>, <emph>University of Milan</emph>, <emph>Milan</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>4</sups>Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Laboratory</emph>, <emph>IRCCS Policlinico San Donato</emph>, <emph>San Donato Milanese</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>5</sups>Università Vita‐Salute San Raffaele</emph>, <emph>Milan</emph>, <emph>Italy</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Meniscus is a complex tissue made of a vascular outer zone and an avascular inner zone with chondrocytes existing under physiological conditions of sustained hypoxia. Using a hypoxic chamber to provide controlled hypoxia, this study was performed to determine whether persistent hypoxia enhances the differentiation of menisci tissue harvested from neonatal pigs.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Meniscal bodies were <emph>in vitro</emph> cultured under hypoxia or normoxia conditions until 14 days. Samples were analysed at 0 (T0), 7 (T1), 10 (T2) and 14 (T3) days by immunofluorescence and RT‐PCR [Type II Collagen (COL2A1), SRY‐Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX‐9), Type I Collagen (COL1A1), Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Subunit Alpha (HIF‐1α) and the vascular markers, the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF) and Platelet And Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CD31)].</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> A maturation shifting was observed by immunofluorescence and RT‐PCR analysis in hypoxic treatment characterized by 1) up‐regulation of COL2A1 at T2 (P <0.05); 2) reduction in SOX9 expression (not significant); 3) greater increase of VEGF at T3 (P <0.001); 4) down‐regulation of CD31 with a peak growth at T2 and a significantly decrease at T3 (<emph>p </emph>< 0.05).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study shows that hypoxia can be considered as a booster to induce the differentiation of neonatal fibroblast‐like meniscal cells into a mature fibro‐cartilaginous phenotype by acting on angiogenesis markers: hypoxia induces VEGF, which is a chondrocyte survival factor during development, and it is also required for postnatal differentiation of chondrocytes. These results open considerably opportunities in the field of meniscus tissue engineering.</p> <p> <emph>Experimental procedures were approved by The Ethic Committee of the University of Milan (OPBA</emph>, <emph>58/2016). All animals that were used were died for reasons that have no relationship with the present study</emph>.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-132">066</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-133">Steroid hormone receptor expression and biological functions of bovine endometrial gland cell...</hd> <p>Julia Hollenbach; Kim Kraushaar; Niklas Schmauch; Christiane Pfarrer</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Ketosis is a common metabolic disease in dairy cattle. High blood levels of β‐Hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) are an important marker and affected animals often show fertility problems. Thus, the aim was to investigate the influence of BHBA on bovine endometrial gland cells (BEGC) in vitro. In vivo, functional BEGC are essential for maintenance of early pregnancy in mammals.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A recently established BEGC cell line was incubated with 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 mM BHBA for 24h. Full medium and serum‐free medium served as controls. Biological functions as cell metabolism and motility were evaluated using MTT‐Assay and Live‐Cell‐Imaging, respectively. The mRNA expression of the inflammatory markers IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and the receptors for estrogen (ESR1/2), progesterone (PR) and interferon‐tau (IFNAR1/2) were determined by real‐time PCR. Additionally, ESR1 and PR proteins were analyzed by semiquantitative western blot.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Treatment with high BHBA concentrations (1.8 and 2.4 mM) significantly reduced cell metabolism and cell motility. Since cells started dying after approximately 11h, motility was assessed over an 11h time period. PR and TNF‐α mRNA expression was significantly upregulated by 2.4 mM BHBA treatment, whereas 0.6 mM BHBA led to a significant ESR1 mRNA upregulation. Expression of IL‐6, ESR2 and IFNAR1/2 mRNA, and protein expression levels were not altered by BHBA stimulation.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> BHBA affects BEGC in vitro in several aspects: 1. an inflammatory response, and 2. a dose‐dependent alteration of cell metabolism, motility and steroid hormone receptor expression. These effects might lead to uterine gland dysfunction resulting in decreased fertility in ketotic cows.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-134">067</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-135">Stereological analysis of the fetal placenta in mares with previously reported pregnancy diso...</hd> <p>Johanna Horenkamp<sups>1,2</sups>; Julia Hollenbach<sups>1</sups>; Jutta Sielhorst<sups>2</sups>; Miguel Blanco<sups>3</sups>; Karoline Koether<sups>3</sups>; Ambra Blaseotto<sups>3</sups>; Harald Sieme<sups>2</sups>; Christian Mühlfeld<sups>4,</sups> Christiane Pfarrer<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute for Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Unit for Reproductive Medicine – Clinic for Horses</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Stud Lewitzhof</emph>, <emph>Lewitzhof 1</emph>, <emph>19306 Neustadt‐Glewe</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>4</sups>Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Hannover Medical School</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Pregnancy losses are a common challenge in horse breeding. While acute pregnancy problems are well researched, the influence of previous pregnancy disorders (PPD) is yet unexplored. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has a positive clinical impact on women with PPD but the impact on mares is unclear despite its common use by veterinary practitioners. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate a possible influence of ASS on the placenta histology in mares with PPD.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 24 mares from one stud were retrospectively separated into three groups: control group (9 mares without PPD), PPD group (7 mares without pre‐emptive treatments) and PPD intervention group (8 mares which had received pre‐emptive ASA treatment). After parturition, clinical parameters like gestation length, placenta expulsion, foal weight and placenta volume were recorded. Placental tissue samples were taken by systematic uniform random sampling. Histological parameters like volume of allantois, chorion and microcotyledons as well as blood vessel volume and surface area of microcotyledons were examined by stereology.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> No statistically significant differences were found between the three groups concerning the analyzed clinical and histological parameters. However, regardless of the three groups, there was a significant difference concerning the microcotyledon volume between normal placenta expulsion (1169.4 cm³ ± 350.0) and retained fetal membranes (803.5 cm³ ± 186.9).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> ASA does not seem to have an impact on the histological composition of the fetal placenta in mares with PPD. However, the study revealed that retained fetal membranes might be associated with a smaller microcotyledon volume.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-136">068</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-137">Differences in Sertoli Cell Numbers per Seminiferous Tubule/Cord between SCCx43KO Mice and th...</hd> <p>Hanna Hüneke<sups>1</sups>; Kristina Rode<sups>1</sups>; Marion Langeheine<sups>1</sups>; Klaus Jung<sups>2</sups>; Ralph Brehm<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hanover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hanover</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Connexin43 (Cx43) is an important regulator of Sertoli cell (SC) proliferation. The deletion of Cx43 in SC (SCCx43KO) causes significantly higher SC numbers per seminiferous tubules in adult knockout (KO) mice. To investigate, if this increase in SC numbers is caused by a prolonged prepubertal proliferation period and/or a higher proliferation rate, development of the SC population was studied from birth to puberty in SCCx43KO and wild type (WT) mice. Therefore, numbers of SC per seminiferous cord/tubule were compared and proliferative ability of SC was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1).</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Testicular histological sections from day 2 until 23 postpartum (pp) were acquired from SCCx43KO and WT littermates. To count SC in Bouin fixed sections, IHC for the SC‐specific Sox9‐antigen was performed. IHC with p27Kip1 antibody was done according to standard protocols.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Counted SC numbers in SCCx43KO were consistently higher from day 5 pp on in all examined age groups. In WT mice, p27Kip1 protein synthesis started at around day 12 pp whereas KO mice showed no immunoreaction for p27Kip1 until day 15 so far.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Obtained data leads to two possible reasons for higher SC numbers in adult SCCx43KO mice: First, already in prepubertal KO mice, SC numbers seem to be higher than in their WT littermates, indicating a higher proliferation rate. Second there are differences in their ability to cease proliferation as suggested by the delay in the initiation of p27Kip1 expression, assuming a prolonged period of proliferative ability of SC in SCCx43KO mice.</p> <p>Breeding, husbandry of SCCx43KO mice and experimental procedures were approved by the Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (33.8‐42502‐05‐21A575, +33.9‐42502‐04‐12/0877)</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-138">069</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-139">Immunohistochemical localization of Na+‐glucose co‐transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in ostrich's...</hd> <p>Piret Hussar<sups>1</sups>; Tõnu Järveots<sups>2</sups>; Florina Popovska‐Percinic<sups>3</sups> and Ilmārs Dūrītis<sups>4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; <sups>3</sups>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril & Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, R. Macedonia; <sups>4</sups>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvian University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia</emph> </p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Sodium‐dependent glucose co‐transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 contribute to the renal glucose reabsorption, and failure of these transporters in the kidneys causes severe shifts in whole‐body glucose homeostasis. Despite numerous studies on Na+‐glucose co‐transporters in animals, there is few information about localization of the transporters in kidneys of birds in different age groups. The aim of the study was to immunolocalize SGLT1 and SGLT2 in kidneys of ostrich's in different ages.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In study fifteen female ostriches <emph>(Struthio camelus var. domesticus)</emph> participated divided equally into three age groups: 1, 7, 14 days old chicken. Material 0.5‐1.0 cm in diameter was fixed into 10% formalin, dehydrated, embedded into paraffin. Slices 7 µm thick were cut, deparaffinized followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibodies Rabbit anti‐SGLT1 and Rabbit anti‐SGLT2 according to manufacturer's guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Immunohistochemical expression of SGLT1 and SGLT2 was found on apical side of epithelial cells of proximal tubules of renal cortex ‐ SGLT1 in the epithelial cells of straight proximal tubules in medullary rays and SGLT2 in proximal convoluted tubules of nephron. Staining for both antibodies occurred to be equal in all age groups.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Renal locations of Na+‐glucose co‐transporters were detected in ostrich's chicken of their first post‐hatching weeks ‐ SGLT1 and SGLT2 immunolocalized in the renal cortical proximal tubules. As the staining intensity of both antibodies occurred to be equal in all age groups, it may assume that glucose transport is complete in ostriches from the first day after hatching.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of Latvian University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (number of protocol: 2014/2).The experiments were carried out in accordance with the Guidelines laid down by the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986 (86/609/EEC).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-140">070</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-141">Morphology of myocardial sleeves in the caudal vena cava of the horse heart</hd> <p>Lara Ibrahim<sups>1</sups>; Christian Vanhove<sups>3</sups> ; Benedicte Descamps<sups>3</sups>; Gunther van Loon <sups>2</sups> and Pieter Cornillie<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>2</sups>Equine Cardioteam ‐ Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>3</sups>Infinity lab</emph>, <emph>Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technology (IBiTech)</emph>, <emph>Department Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS)</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Right atrial myocardial extensions (sleeves) into the caudal vena cava (CaVC) in the horse have been identified as the source of ectopic electric impulses leading to atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation, however information on their morphology is limited. In this study, the gross anatomical, microscopical and MRI features of the CaVC myocardial sleeves are further elucidated to reveal information that could serve as guidance for clinical procedures such as catheter ablation.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In 11 horses, the CaVC myocardial sleeves were measured macroscopically and examined histologically (Hematoxylin&Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining).</p> <p>Using a 7 Tesla MRI, the myocardial sleeves from 3 horses were examined (4 cm² of the tip) with an in‐plane spatial resolution of 109 µm.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Myocardial sleeves were observed in all examined hearts. The distal end of the sleeve was located at 7.8 ± 1.1cm (maximum 9.0cm) from the intervenous tubercle, 4.9 ± 0.6cm from the oval fossa (maximum 6.0cm), and 5.0 ± 1.1cm from the coronary sinus opening (maximum 5.8cm).</p> <p>The thickness of the distal end of the myocardial sleeve was 1.5 ± 0.04mm. The myocardial fibers were localized between tunica media and tunica adventitia and were predominantly arranged in a circular pattern, but longitudinal orientation was also observed.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Myocardial sleeves are present in the CaVC of the horse, presenting individual anatomical variations. These preliminary results contribute to the understanding of atrial tachyarrhythmias in horses. Further research on 3D reconstruction of the myocardial sleeves and anatomical variation is needed.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-142">071</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-143">Impact of Learning Veterinary Anatomy 100% Online During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Preliminary A...</hd> <p>Nongnuch Inpanbutr<sups>1</sups>; Rebecca Garabed<sups>2</sups>; Jay Hsiao<sups>3</sups>; Shayna Mohr<sups>4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Biosciences, <sups>2</sups> Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine <sups>3</sups>Office of Teaching and Learning, <sups>4</sups>Office of Professional Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA</emph> </p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, the Gross Anatomy course at The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine was delivered to a class of 170 students 100% online in Autumn 2020 (AU20). The course consisted of both synchronous and asynchronous learning experiences and used a regional approach (Thoracic limb, Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvic Limb, Pelvis, and Head and Neck) to canine anatomy, with 59% summative and 41% formative assessments.</p> <p> <bold>Methods:</bold> To examine the influence of the switch to online delivery, data from the summative, in‐person exams from 2015‐2020 were analyzed by comparing students' performance on the same questions that were asked in multiple years. We produced summary statistics, box‐and‐whisker plots, and linear regression models in R statistical software and compared across years for each anatomical region.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> When examining summary statistics of question performance broken out by regions, there appears to be a drop in ratio of students answering correctly in 2020. When examining student performance in a linear regression analysis, we took questions on the thorax in 2015 as baseline with an average of 91% of students answering correctly. There were no significant differences in students' performance for 2016‐2019. In 2020, students performed significantly worse in all anatomical regions with an average of 80% of students answering questions correctly (11% worse than past years with a p‐value of < 0.00001).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Overall, students' performance on repeated exam questions was lower during the AU20 online delivery compared with in‐person delivery from 2015‐2019. Specific design elements will be explored in the future.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-144">072</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-145">Making the Move to 100% Online: An Update on Teaching Veterinary Anatomy at The Ohio State Un...</hd> <p>Nongnuch Inpanbutr<sups>1</sups>; Jay Hsiao<sups>2</sups>; Emma Read<sups>3</sups>; Chris Frasure<sups>1</sups>; Jill Richards<sups>1</sups>; Jerry Masty<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Biosciences; <sups>2</sups>Office of Teaching and Learning; <sups>3</sups>Office of the Dean; <sups>4</sups>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA</emph> </p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The Veterinary Gross Anatomy I AU20 course at The Ohio State University was taught completely online as a response to the COVID‐19 pandemic.</p> <p> <bold>Methods:</bold> The course consisted of both synchronous and asynchronous sessions, employed a regional approach to canine anatomy, with six regions each delivered in a two‐week module. <bold>The asynchronous</bold></p> <p> <bold>session included</bold> pre‐recorded lectures, dissection videos, radiographs, Virtual Animal Anatomy program (Developed by Colorado State University), H5P activities, and weekly quizzes. All modules were paced in delivery on a learning management platform. Two one‐hour <bold>synchronous virtual laboratory sessions</bold> were scheduled weekly. A class of 170 students were assigned into 7 breakout rooms/groups (24 students/group), each facilitated by a rotating instructor. These sessions extended synchronous learning by engaging students in identifying and clarifying structures, visualizing three‐dimensional aspects, recognizing relationships between structures, and question‐and‐answer with the team members. Thirty‐minute office hour sessions were made available twice weekly. Assessments were 59% summative and 41% formative.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Overall grades for student performance were different than past years with low performers being significantly worse. By mid‐semester, less than half of the class attended the synchronous sessions. The Students Evaluation of Teaching which asked five questions were rated on a scale from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree), averaged 3.82 (range of 3.37‐4.25). Overall, students favored the format and organization of the course, H5P activities, weekly quizzes, and videos. Students overwhelmingly requested reinstatement of in‐person laboratory sessions for future semesters.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Teaching anatomy completely online was challenging but possible. There are several elements which worked well in AU20 will be repeated in the AU21.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-146">073</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-147">Computer Tomographic (CT) description of the arterial vascularization of the mammary gland in...</hd> <p>Aurel Damian<sups>1</sups>; Ionel Papuc<sups>1</sups>; Alexandra Irimie<sups>1</sups>; Ioana D. Chirilean<sups>1</sups>; Alexandru Gudea<sups>1</sups>; Florin Stan<sups>1</sups>; Cristian Martonos<sups>1</sups>; Alina V. Berlea and Radu Lăcătuș<sups>21</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Anatomy Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania; <sups>2</sups>Radiology and Medical Imaging Department</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The aim of this study is to show the features of the arterial vascularization of the mammary gland in sheep.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The research was performed on a sample of 7 clinically healthy Transylvanian Merino adult sheep. For visualization of arterial pathways, distribution of peripheral vessels and vascular anastomoses, a solution of Ultravist 370 was injected into the vascular lumen, followed by CT examination.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The descending aorta terminates in the external iliac arteries and the internal iliac trunk, from which the median sacral artery detaches. The iliac trunk ends shortly after in the two internal iliac arteries. The deep femoral artery, the origin of the pudendo‐epigastric arterial trunk, which terminally bifurcates into external pudendal artery and caudal epigastric artery, can detach from the external iliac artery. The external pudendal artery, when exiting the inguinal canal, penetrates the glandular tissue, at the base of the udder. After, it takes a sinuous route and continues with the mammary artery, which emits numerous collateral branches peripheral arterioles, which are distributed in the wall of the lactiferous sinus, performing numerous anastomoses, which provide an image of the mammary and papillary vascular plexus.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In sheep, the mammary gland is supplied by the external pudendal artery, through the mammary artery and its terminal branches. The distribution of the mammary artery varies from one individual to another; therefore, each individual will have a different branching pattern.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Bioethics Committee of USAMV Cluj‐Napoca, Romania. The number of approval is: 241A/17.09.2015.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-148">074</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-149">Morphofunctional case study of the tongue and lingual papillae in the African elephant (Loxod...</hd> <p>Hanna Jackowiak ; Kinga Skieresz‐ Szewczyk; Ewelina Prozorowska; Barbara Plewa</p> <p> <emph>Department of Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Poznań University of Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Poznan</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction</bold>: The studies aimed to examine the macro and microstructure of the tongue and lingual papillae in African elephants given morphofunctional adaptations of this organ and earlier obtained data in Asian elephants.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods</bold>: The tongue of a 35‐year‐old female African elephant was donated for the study from Zoo Poznań after the euthanasia, because of an incurable disease. Formalin‐fixed samples of the mucosa were taken from different parts of the tongue. Tissues were processed for histological, immunohistochemical, and scanning electron microscopic analysis. The 3D reconstructions of gustatory papillae were rendered.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> This study was conducted on an isolated tongue of a 35‐year‐old female African elephant suffering from an incurable disease, which was humanly euthanized at the Zoo Poznań. On the lingual surface, three types of gustatory papillae are distinguished: fungiform papillae on lateral surfaces of the apex and three pairs of vallate papillae in the posterior part of the lingual body. Pseudo‐foliate papillae with ca. 30 folia on lateral surfaces of the body are observed. Mechanical papillae are represented by the short filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the apex and the anterior part of the lingual body. Contrary to the Asian elephant the dorsum of the tongue is covered with giant filiform papillae and more vallate papillae. Regional variations of the mucosal epithelium were also confirmed microscopically.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Macro‐and microanalysis of the tongue revealed species‐specific traits for African elephants in types, number, and density of lingual papillae, and showed regional differences in microstructure of the lingual epithelium.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-150">075</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-151">Cyclic biomechanical testing of the equine deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) comparing fore‐...</hd> <p>Tobias T. Jäger; Sven Reese</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>LMU Munich</emph>, <emph>Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold>Modern professional as well as amateur horsesports make great demands on physical equine health that often results in injuries and lameness. Especially the distal tendinious structures of the lower limbs are at high risk. Being the first, performing a systematic comparison of the equine deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) between the fore‐ and the hindlimb by cyclic biomechanical in vitro tests, should gain new insights of potential tendon overload and fatigue.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 38 DDFTs (20 forelimbs/18 hindlimbs) of 10 horses were tested by performing cyclic creep tests (constant stress), stress relaxation tests (constant strain) and tearing tests, using a materials test machine Z010 (Zwick/Roell). Every test was performed until tendon breakdown by increased loading stages each 30 cycles. Tendon fatigue is defined as the first stage where no balanced plateau could be achieved within those 30 cycles. Statistical analysis was performed by using a generalized linear model.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Elastic modulus of hindlimb DDFTs (1514.6+/‐465.7) was significantly higher (p = 0.040) compared to forelimb DDFTs (1068.0+/‐485.1) what results in higher tendon stiffness. Concerning tensile strength (mean 85.1+/‐24.1 N/mm<sups>2</sups>), elongation breakage (mean 14.5+/‐2.8 %) as well as tensile stress (mean 44.8+/‐7.9 N/mm<sups>2</sups>) and tensile strain (mean 8.6+/‐1.9%) at starting tendon fatigue, no significant differences between both limbs could be detected.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Any tendon fatigue causes adaptation of tendon structure and can finally result in equine lameness. We showed that even a fraction of tensile strength could occur tendon fatigue and points out how important a balanced training and rehab management is.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-152">076</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-153">Dissection of Wild Capybaras Abdominal Wall for Improvement of Surgical Sterilization</hd> <p>Fabiana M. G. Jorge<sups>1</sups> ; Flavia M. P. M. Donoso<sups>1</sups> ; Mayla M. de O. Alcobaça<sups>1</sups>; Marilú Cristofoli<sups>1</sups>; Fernanda B. P. Nunes<sups>1</sups>; Cristiane S. Pizzuto<sups>2</sups> and Antonio C. de Assis Neto<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Surgery</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>University of São Paulo</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil; <sups>2</sups>Department of Reproduction</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>University of São Paulo</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Capybaras are the primary host of <emph>Amblyomma sculptum</emph> ticks, vectors of the <emph>Rickettsia rickettsii</emph> intracellular bacteria, responsible for Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF). The populational control of capybaras through surgical sterilization has been currently used to reduce ticks infestations and the number of seronegative specimens that could contract the BSF, but few data could be found about the anatomy of the surgical region. With the aim of helping surgical planning for partial salpingectomy we have dissected the lateral (flank) and ventral abdominal region and described the stratigraphy and the anatomical compounds involved in the surgical procedure.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> We have dissected the lateral and ventral abdominal wall of 3 capybaras. Prior dissection the cadavers were fixed with an ethanol (85%), glycerin (10%) and benzalkonium chloride (5%) solution.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Into the flank, caudal to the last rib and ventral to the sub lumbar musculature, near the third intertransversarii space, the stratigraphy of the abdominal wall was composed of a thick skin layer, a well developed <emph>panniculus carnosus muscle</emph>, obliquus externus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis and transversus abdominis muscles followed by peritoneum parietale. The ventral abdominal approach encompassed the skin, <emph>panniculus carnosus</emph> muscle, the fascia of obliquus externus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis and transversus abdominis muscles, rectus abdominis muscle and peritoneum parietale.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In the lateral abdominal approach the <emph>panniculus carnosus</emph> layer was thick and added to the other 3 musculature layers could make the surgical access more difficult than the ventral abdominal approach, which enconpasses only the <emph>panniculus carnosus</emph> and rectus abdominis muscle.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the University of São Paulo (Nº 1816071220/ FAPESP).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-154">077</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-155">Ultrastructural evidence of telocytes in the embryonic chick heart</hd> <p>Khan Junatas<sups>1</sups>; Hanna Tay<sups>1</sups>; Liesbeth Couck<sups>1</sups>; Fred Sinowatz <sups>2</sups> and Wim Van Den Broeck <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Sciences</emph>, <emph>Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich</emph>, <emph>Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The cardiac telocyte (TC) is a novel interstitial cell type with a unique ultrastructure and great potential in therapy. The present study aimed to examine its presence in the heart of chicken embryos.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Hearts were collected from chicken embryos aging 7–15 (Hamburger‐Hamilton (HH) stages 31–41) and processed for transmission electron microscopy.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> TCs were identified across all stages in the atrial and ventricular myocardium, close to maturing cardiomyocytes, blood vessels, and lymphatics. Early‐stage TCs have immature features resembling mesenchymal cells. Late‐stage TCs were distinct, possessing the cytoplasmic prolongations termed telopodes (Tps), which are very long and thin, display a moniliform appearance, and an average thickness below 0.2 µm. TCs residing in the epicardium and endocardium were also detected. In the subepicardium near developing coronary vessels, they were localized in the cardiac stem cell niches (CSCN). Electron‐dense structures and the release of extracellular vesicles were observed between embryonic TCs and surrounding structures. Preliminary morphometric analysis revealed that TCs across HH stages did not significantly vary in cell body size, Tp length, and Tp thickness. Atrial and ventricular TCs were also the same across HH stages concerning the above quantitative parameters.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> We have demonstrated the presence of TCs in the embryonic chicken heart, strategically positioned close to neighboring structures. Noteworthy among the interactions are the TCs in the CSCN.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-156">078</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-157">Radiographic anatomy of the canine appendicular skeleton</hd> <p>Dieudoné KABKIA<sups>1</sups>*; Mireille KADJA<sups>1</sups>; Pihou GBANDE<sups>2</sups>; Lantam SONHAYE<sups>2</sups>; Kondi AGBA<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Ecole Inter‐Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV)</emph>, <emph>Dakar</emph>, <emph>Sénégal; <sups>2</sups>Faculté des Sciences de la Santé</emph>, <emph>Université de Lomé</emph>, <emph>Lomé</emph>, <emph>TOGO; <sups>3</sups></emph>.<emph>Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie</emph>, <emph>Université de Lomé</emph>, <emph>Lomé</emph>, <emph>TOGO</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Being the most common pet in Africa, the local dog is often subject to various diseases in general and specifically those affecting the appendicular skeleton. A good knowledge of the normal radiographic anatomy of the appendicular skeleton is important for the clinician in order to successfully interpret the radiographic images. The aim of this study was to produce a radio‐anatomical atlas of the appendicular skeleton in order to facilitate the understanding and interpretation of radiographic images of the dog.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> To do this, radiographs were taken of the fore and hind limbs of 30 healthy dogs of which 15 females and 15 males, (all of local breed) received in the radiology room</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> At the end of the study, the best normal radiographs by anatomical region and by incidence of normal limb radiographs, were selected constituting a reference database of radiographic anatomy of this animal. Each radiograph is commented and annotated, facilitating the understanding of the pictures.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> These radiographs will serve as a basis for the interpretation of radiographic images of the appendicular skeleton in the dog.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-158">079</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-159">Radiographic anatomy of the dog's abdomen</hd> <p>Dieudoné KABKIA<sups>1</sups>*; Mireille KADJA<sups>1</sups>; Pihou GBANDE<sups>2</sups>; Lantam SONHAYE<sups>2</sups>; Kondi AGBA<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <bold> <emph> <sups>1</sups> </emph> </bold> <emph>Ecole Inter‐Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV)</emph>, <emph>Dakar</emph>, <emph>Sénégal; <sups>2</sups>Faculté des Sciences de la Santé</emph>, <emph>Université de Lomé</emph>, <emph>Lomé</emph>, <emph>TOGO; <sups>3</sups></emph>.<emph>Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie</emph>, <emph>Université de Lomé</emph>, <emph>Lomé</emph>, <emph>TOGO</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The anatomical area that constitutes the abdomen is an area that is often subject to serious conditions. These diseases can affect the digestive and urogenital systems and radiography is a complementary examination of choice to refine the diagnosis. This study had for objective, to realize a radio anatomical atlas of the Abdomen in order to facilitate the comprehension and the interpretation of the radiographic pictures of the dog.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> To do this, radiographs were performed on the Abdomen of healthy dogs received at the radiology room.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> At the end of the study, the best normal pictures by anatomical region and by incidence of the normal pictures of the Abdomen, were selected constituting a reference database in radiographic anatomy of this animal. Each radiograph is commented and annotated, facilitating the understanding of the images.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> These radiographic images will serve as a basis for the interpretation of radiographic images of the abdomen in the dog.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-160">080</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-161">Inclusion of endothelial cells into a self‐assembled extracellular matrix improves differenti...</hd> <p>Marijana Jevtić<sups>1</sups>; Juliane Rieger<sups>2,3</sups>; Sarah Hedtrich<sups>1, *</sups>; Sabine Kaessmeyer<sups>2,3*</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Pharmacy</emph>, <emph>Pharmacology and Toxicology</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Institute for Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Division of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Bern</emph>, <emph>Switzerland; <sups>5</sups>Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of British Columbia</emph>, <emph>Vancouver</emph>, <emph>BC</emph>, <emph>V6T 1Z3 Canada</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Animal models are still the gold standard for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases. For example in skin, the complex interactions between keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells are difficult to replicate in an in vitro setting. Concomitantly, animal models pose a challenge due to significant interspecies differences. To overcome those limitations, human‐based 3D skin models have been developed that closely resemble native epidermis. Despite this progress, most models lack some important skin key elements, such as a structured dermis with a capillary bed and/or immune cells. To overcome this limitations, we report the development of a vascularized skin model based on a fibroblast‐derived connective tissue and endothelial cells.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Three types of models were compared: skin models based on collagen matrix, skin models based on a self‐assembled extracellular matrix (ECM) containing endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and skin models based on a self‐assembled ECM with fibroblasts only. Subsequently, the models were characterized morphologically, molecularly and functionally.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Skin models with fibroblasts and endothelial cells showed better development of basement membrane, hemidesmosomes and tight junctions as well as stronger expression of filaggrin and involucrin.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The self‐assembled ECM established by the co‐culture between fibroblasts and endothelial cells resulted in a mechanically stable dermal equivalent that improved the differentiation and functional maturation of the skin model.</p> <p> <emph>Patient consent obtained</emph>, <emph>ethics vote from Charité</emph>, <emph>Berlin (EA1/081/13)</emph>.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-162">081</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-163">The embryonic development of the bovine stomach revisited</hd> <p>Christina A Kalenberg; Michael H Stoffel</p> <p> <emph>Division of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Bern</emph>, <emph>Bern</emph>, <emph>Switzerland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The adult anatomy and physiology of the bovine (Bos taurus) stomach have been investigated extensively. Despite the many studies, however, the early development of the stomach has not yet been fully elucidated. The goal of the present study, therefore, was to review the available literature, to visualize the embryonic and early fetal development of the bovine stomach and to shed light on unresolved issues.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> To demonstrate the developmental changes, the stomachs of fifteen bovine embryos and eleven fetuses from 26 to 80 days of gestation were photographed both in situ, and after exenteration and critical point drying.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Our observations corroborate the contention that all the compartments evolve from the fusiform primordium and that no outgrowth at the level of the esophagus occurs. The greater curvature as well as the attachment line of the dorsal mesogastrium shift to the left, which is similar to the process in monogastrians. The rumen and reticulum develop from separate protrusions, and further compartmentalization results from constrictions and bulges and not from folding. Between 55 and 60 days of gestation, the entire bovine stomach except for the abomasum eventually relocates to its final position.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Previously debated key issues concerning the development of the bovine stomach were addressed and integrated with current findings.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-164">082</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-165">Fetal placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells) in the epitheliochorial and synepitheliochorial...</hd> <p>Karl Klisch</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Zurich</emph>, <emph>Switzerland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Macrophages in the fetal placental stroma are probably a common feature of the allantochorionic placenta of eutheria. Various roles in placental development in physiological and pathological conditions have been described. In this morphological study we investigate their structure in (syn)epitheliochorial placentas.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold>Placental tissue from species with an epitheliochorial placenta: alpaca (<emph>n</emph> = 3), pig (<emph>n</emph> = 2) or synepitheliochorial placenta: cows (<emph>n</emph> = 5), sheep (<emph>n</emph> = 2), goat (<emph>n</emph> = 2) was used. Tissues were fixed and processed for standard transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Images were taken from toluidine blue semithin sections (light microscopy) and from ultrathin sections (TEM).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Macrophages in the stroma of fetal villi were observed in all specimens studied. These cells were characterized by an irregular shape, frequent lamellipodia and by large, mainly empty vacuoles. In one alpaca and one goat, these macrophages showed budding of virus particles (diameter approx. 70‐100 nm) at the cell membrane. In one cow placenta, macrophage lysosomes were completely filled with an amorphous material.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The study shows that fetal stromal macrophages in (syn)epitheliochorial placentae show many morphological similarities with human fetal macrophages (Hofbauer cells). All specimens were taken from apparently healthy animals. The amorphous material in lysosomes of one bovine specimen probably represents an accidental case of a lysosomal storage disease. The finding of signs of virus replication in two samples might indicate a role of these macrophages in virus transmission or it might be a 'normal' placental production of virus particles (C‐type particles of retrovirus), as described in primate and rodent placenta.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-166">083</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-167">The Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay (CAM) as refinement for animal experiments to evaluate can...</hd> <p>Michele C. Klymiuk<sups>1</sups>; Mohamed I Elashry<sups>1,</sups> Kathrin Wolf‐Hofmann<sups>1</sups>; Sabine Wenisch <sups>2</sups> and Stefan Arnhold <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary‐Anatomy</emph>, <emph>‐Histology and ‐Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Justus‐Liebig‐University Giessen</emph>, <emph>Frankfurter Strasse 98</emph>, <emph>35392 Giessen</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph>, <emph><sups>2</sups>Clinic of Small Animals</emph>, <emph>c/o Institute of Veterinary‐Anatomy</emph>, <emph>‐Histology and ‐Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Justus‐Liebig‐University Giessen</emph>, <emph>Frankfurter Strasse 98</emph>, <emph>35392 Giessen</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Individual treatment of various diseases e.g. musculoskeletal disorders, are increasingly treated with cell‐based therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the transplantation of viable cells – autologous or allogeneic – bears several risks. One of these are the growth of tumors in the vicinity of the application site. For this reason, we investigated in a gentler animal model to evaluate the tendency of cancerogenic growth of canine MSCs from multiple donors compared to canine cancer cell lines (CTAC, D17) on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs, which is an established model in cancer research. To analyse tumor growth and the tendency for metastatic spreading, markers of the ERM family such as Moesin and Ezrin are used.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated for 4 days before the egg shells were opened to prepare the cell inoculation. On day 7 medium containing 1x10<sups>6</sups> cells in 10 µl (MSCs or tumor cells) was seeded within a plastic ring on the CAM. On day 15 pictures were taken from the inoculation area in order to evaluate cell morphology and migration. Samples were dissected, and processed for further analysis (Immunohistochemistry, PCR) for the detection of Moesin, Ezrin and CD90.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Cells are migrating along blood vessels and immunocytochemistry reveals that the tumor growth markers Moesin and Ezrin are hardly detectable within cultured MSC on the CAM assay. However, they can clearly be shown in cultures with seeded canine cancer cells.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The CAM assay represents a tool to evaluate the safety of cell‐mediated therapies for canine patients.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the local authorities (Regierungspraesidium Giessen, approval no. V 54 – 19 c 20 15 h 02 GI 18/1 kTV 1/2018).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-168">084</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-169">Continuous development and implementation of digital 3D anatomy models at Faculty of Veterina...</hd> <p>Magdalena Kolenc<sups>1</sups>; Sara Došen<sups>2</sups>; Mateo Jolić<sups>3</sups>; Marija Marić<sups>4</sups>; Örs Petnehazy<sups>5</sups>; Tomislav Gomerčić<sups>6</sups>; Kim Korpes<sups>1</sups>; Tajana Trbojević Vukičević <sups>1</sups> and Martina Đuras<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia; <sups>2</sups>DVM</emph>, <emph>Buba ‐ Small Animal Veterinary Clinic</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia; <sups>3</sups>student</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia; <sups>4</sups>DVM</emph>, <emph>O'Shea</emph>, <emph>Bramley and Breen the Veterinary Hospital</emph>, <emph>Wexford</emph>, <emph>Ireland; <sups>5</sups>Kaposvar Campus</emph>, <emph>Szent Istvan University</emph>, <emph>Kaposvar</emph>, <emph>Hungary; <sups>6</sups>Department of Veterinary Biology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In 2016 the implementation of digital 3D labeled anatomy models in veterinary anatomy teaching has started at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Zagreb. At that time a digital 3D labelled atlas of the thoracic and pelvic limb skeleton with a free access was developed. Although the atlas was meant for the use during the self‐study, it proved to be highly valuable also during practicals. The good practice has continued and different digital 3D anatomy models have been developed to improve the anatomy teaching and learning process.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A dog skull, bottlenose dolphin heart and an equine stifle joint were recorded by a CT scanner. Digital 3D models were edited in the computer programs Blender and 3D Slicer. SD Som Pro was used to create the superficial texture and Final Mesh for labeling anatomical structures according to Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, 2017. In addition, an online questionnaire on the usefulness of these 3D models was answered by 99 veterinary medicine students.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Three new 3D models (dog skull, bottlenose dolphin heart and right equine stifle joint) were developed and labeled with more than 175 anatomical terms. They are available free of charge at www..vef.hr/3datlas/index/. Students graded these 3D models as very helpful (92.9%) and used them during the self‐ study (91.9%).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Digital 3D models are a valuable tool for veterinary anatomy teaching. Their availability to the students should be increased at low costs or for free.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-170">085</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-171">Morphometric study of short collateral ligaments of the tarsal joint in the horses</hd> <p>Filip Korim; Michaela Karamanová</p> <p> <emph>Equine Clinic</emph>, <emph>University Veterinary Hospital</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice</emph>, <emph>Kosice</emph>, <emph>Slovak Republic</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Nowadays, there are not many studies dealing with the complex anatomy and ligaments morphometry of this area. Possible variations in ligament origin, insertion and their relationships can be helpful in correctly assessing the following: ultrasound, magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) images in the diagnostics of musculoskeletal disorders.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> We used 20 equine hindlimbs (10 left, 10 right) from a Slovakian Warmblood breed in this study. The average body weight was 595 ± 23.52 kg and average height was 166.9 ± 4.7 cm. The ligaments were visualized by a specialized preparation method which was developed by the author. Morphometric study was performed macroscopically by using a digital caliper.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> No significant differences in length, origin and attachment of the ligaments were found. We measured <emph>pars tibiotalaris</emph> of the short lateral collateral ligament (SLCL) and <emph>pars tibiocalcanea</emph> of the short medial collateral ligament (SMCL). The mean length of the ligament of the right limb: SLCL was 44.29 ± 8.05 mm and SMCL was 63.99 ± 5.57 mm. SMCL in the right limb formed an accessory attachment branch to the first and second tarsal bone in 2 cases. The mean length of the ligament of the left limb: SLCL was 43.68 ± 13.16 mm and SMCL was 66.02 ± 7.58 mm.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study can help with the comparative study of the ligamentous apparatus of the tarsal joint in the other equids or simultaneously with CT/MR examination. The work can contribute to more extensive knowledge of the anatomy of the tarsal joint.</p> <p>The study was supported by the grant of Tatrabanka foundation (016/2019) and grant of CEF/Slovnaft a.s. foundation.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-172">086</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-173">Preliminary archaeozoological analysis of the Krčingrad castle at Plitvice Lakes National Par...</hd> <p>Kim Korpes<sups>1</sups>; Magdalena Kolenc<sups>1</sups>; Petar Sekulić<sups>2</sups>; Martina Đuras<sups>1</sups> and Tajana Trbojević Vukičević<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia; <sups>2</sups>Department for Archaeology</emph>, <emph>Division for Archaeological Heritage</emph>, <emph>Croatian Conservation Institute</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The Krčingrad castle is located on the forested peninsula between two lakes in the Plitvice Lakes National Park. On the hill, there is a triangular‐shaped tower fortified with a defensive wall. The castle was built around the end of the 13<sups>th</sups> century by Babonić noble family. The aim of this research was a preliminary analysis of animal breeding, hunting and diet evidence of these medieval inhabitants.</p> <p> <bold>Material and Methods:</bold> An archaeozoological analysis was carried out at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine on 1 815 fragments of animal bones and teeth found during the 2020 excavation session performed by the Croatian Conservation Institute. The analysis included determination of the bone element, taxon and pathological and taphonomical changes.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The bone element and the animal species were determined in 24.19% of the samples (95.92% mammals and 4.08% birds). Most bone fragments belonged to domestic mammals: pigs (36.68%), small ruminants (32.58%), cattle (21.87%) and horses (0.22%). However, bone fragments of wild animals were also determined: rabbit (2.28%), wild boar (1.37%), roe deer (0.46%) and brown bear (0.46%). Considering birds, besides domestic chicken (2.05%), goose (0.91%) and duck (0.68%), the remains of pheasant and common sparrowhawk were found. Traces of butchery are visible mostly on domestic animals and rabbit vertebrae, and pathological changes on a few pig long bones.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion</bold>: Although the research was carried out on a relatively small sample, it can be assumed that the medieval inhabitants of Krčingrad were engaged in breeding livestock and poultry, but also were actively hunting wild animals.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-174">087</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-175">Computed tomography anatomy and 3D reconstruction of the glandular part of the stomach of the...</hd> <p>Diyana Vladova<sups>1</sups>; Hristo Hristov<sups>1</sups>; Tsvetan Chaprazov<sups>2</sups>; Nikolay Goranov<sups>2</sups> and Dimitar Kostov<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Trakia University</emph>, <emph>Stara Zagora</emph>, <emph>Bulgaria; <sups>2</sups>Department of Veterinary Surgery</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Trakia University</emph>, <emph>Stara Zagora</emph>, <emph>Bulgaria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The aim of this study is to examine the organ anatomy and regional normal topography of <emph>proventriculus gastris</emph> of the domestic canary via computed tomography and 3D reconstruction.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study included six sexually mature domestic canaries (<emph>Serinus canaria</emph>). A non‐contrast computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, followed by a slow inoculation in the crop with 30% barium sulfate solution (<emph>DC‐BAR‐MILVE</emph>, <emph>Bulgaria</emph>). We used <emph>Fidex 3‐in‐1</emph>, <emph>Animage (USA)</emph> scanner with the following parameters: 90 kV, 0.100 mA and scanning time 56.5 s. 0.2 mm thick transverse slices were obtained along the <emph>carina sterni</emph>. The 3D reconstruction phase was enabled by applying the software iQ‐VIEW Version 2.7.0 BETA INT EN 002R.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The non‐contrast CT visualizes the organ as an unclear hypodense finding. The contrast CT and 3D reconstruction have led to a distinctive hyperdensity of <emph>proventriculus gastris</emph>, situated in the anatomical borders between <emph>margo caudalis</emph> of the sternum and the mid‐length line of <emph>carina sterni</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The contrast CT and 3D reconstruction are an acceptable option for an <emph>in vivo</emph> anatomical study of <emph>proventriculus gastris</emph> of the domestic canary.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee (No. 39/2015).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-176">088</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-177">Vascular architecture and molecular analyses indicate the presence of a utero‐ovarian counter...</hd> <p>Mariusz P. Kowalewski<sups>1</sups>; Urs Müller<sups>1</sups>; Christian Alfaro<sups>1</sups>; Aykut Gram<sups>2</sups> and Iris M. Reichler<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Zurich</emph>, <emph>Zurich</emph>, <emph>Switzerland; <sups>2</sups>Department of Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Erciyes University</emph>, <emph>Kayseri</emph>, <emph>Turkey; <sups>3</sups>Section of Small Animal Reproduction</emph>, <emph>Clinic of Reproductive Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Zurich</emph>, <emph>Zurich</emph>, <emph>Switzerland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In the dog, there is no luteolytic principle in the absence of pregnancy. Conversely, prepartum luteolysis is associated with increased levels of PGF2α‐metabolite/PGFM. A utero‐ovarian counter‐current exchange mechanism between the ovarian artery and uterine vein has been described in several species, forming the so‐called utero‐ovarian plexus (UOP), enabling the local transport of luteolytic PGF2α to the ovary via passive and PG‐transporter (PGT)‐mediated mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate the presence of a functional UOP in the bitch.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold>Three canine cadavers donated for teaching and research were studied. Vascular corrosion casts/<emph>n</emph> = 2 (venous and arterial) or silicon injections/<emph>n</emph> = 1, followed by anatomical preparations, were performed. Additionally, utero‐ovarian vessels were dissected from three/<emph>n</emph> = 3 non‐pregnant dogs after routine ovariohysterectomy for RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies to assess PGT expression.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The utero‐ovarian vascular architecture showed a close apposition between ovarian and uterine vessels on each side of the body, the ovarian and tubal arterial branches displayed spiral coils around their own longitudinal axis in close contact with venous vessels. A pampiniform‐like structure was found within the ovarian pedicle. The expression of PGT transcripts was found in uterine veins and the uterine branches of the ovarian artery. IHC localized PGT predominantly in the tunica media of the utero‐ovarian vessels, weaker signals were localized in the tunica intima.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our data suggest the presence of morpho‐functional mechanisms involved in a counter‐current mechanism for the exchange of prostaglandins in the dog, possibly effective at the onset of the prepartum luteolysis.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-178">089</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-179">Preclinical Evaluation of α‐methyl‐3‐[ 18 F]Fluorophenylalanine (αM‐3‐[ 18 F]FPhe) in an Orth...</hd> <p>Felicia Krämer<sups>1,2,3</sups>; Benedikt Gröner<sups>2</sups>; Chris Hoffmann<sups>2</sups>; Austin Craig<sups>1</sups>; Alexander Drzezga<sups>4,7,8</sups>; Marco Timmer<sups>5</sups>; Boris D. Zlatopolskiy<sups>1,2,6</sups>; Bernd Neumaier<sups>1,2</sups> and Heike Endepols <sups>1,2,4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging</emph>, <emph>University Hospital of Cologne</emph>, <emph>Germany ; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐5)</emph>, <emph>Forschungszentrum Jülich</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany ; <sups>4</sups>Department of Nuclear Medicine</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne</emph>, <emph>University of Cologne</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>5</sups>Center for Neurosurgery</emph>, <emph>University Hospital of Cologne</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>6</sups>Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research</emph>, <emph>Cologne</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>7</sups>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)</emph>, <emph>Bonn‐Cologne</emph>, <emph>Germany ; <sups>8</sups>Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐2)</emph>, <emph>Molecular Organization of the Brain</emph>, <emph>Forschungszentrum Jülich</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Early diagnosis of brain tumors can significantly improve the survival time of patients. Positron emission tomography (PET) with the amino acid (AA) tracer O‐(2‐[<sups>18</sups>F]fluoroethyl)tyrosine ([<sups>18</sups>F]FET) allows for tumor detection with higher specificity and sensitivity than conventional imaging methods. Aim of this study was the preclinical evaluation of a radiofluorinated phenylalanine (Phe) analogue (αM‐3‐[<sups>18</sups>F]FPhe) as possible alternative to [<sups>18</sups>F]FET with potentially higher tumor accumulation due to increased affinity to AA transporter LAT1.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In vitro studies were performed using the cell line U87 MG. After investigation with and without the decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide (each <emph>n</emph> = 3) in healthy rats, an orthotopic glioblastoma model was generated by stereotactic implantation of U87 MG cells in the right brain hemisphere of RNU rats. PET measurements over 60 min (65.9‐71.5 MBq, <emph>n</emph> = 5) took place between day 15 and 22 p.op. and were quantified by standardized uptake values (SUV<subs>mean</subs> and SUV<subs>max</subs>) and tumor‐to‐brain ratios (TBR). [<sups>18</sups>F]FET was used as reference tracer in all experiments. LAT1 expression was examined immunohistologically.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Cellular uptake of αM‐3‐[<sups>18</sups>F]FPhe and [<sups>18</sups>F]FET was significantly reduced by inhibition of AA transport system L with BCH. In healthy rats, αM‐3‐[<sups>18</sups>F]FPhe uptake was unaffected by benserazide. The intracerebral glioblastoma was clearly delineated with both investigated tracers, but αM‐3‐[<sups>18</sups>F]FPhe showed a significantly higher tumor tracer accumulation in the first minutes (F(<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref6">15</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib384" id="ref7">384</reflink>) = 4.400, <emph>p </emph>< 0.0001; post hoc 0.0003< <emph>p </emph>< 0.0393) and achieved a higher TBR (2.87 ± 0.24) when compared to [<sups>18</sups>F]FET (2.65 ± 0.04). Increased expression of LAT1 was confirmed immunohistologically.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> αM‐3‐[<sups>18</sups>F]FPhe shows image properties comparable to [<sups>18</sups>F]FET, but the higher initial tumor uptake could shorten scan times in patients.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the EU directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments and the German Animal Welfare Act (TierSchG, 2006) and were approved by regional authorities (LANUV NRW, No.: 84‐02.04.2017.A288).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-180">090</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-181">Different imaging and plastination techniques applied in a calf with hydrocephalus</hd> <p>Charlotte Kroeger<sups>1</sups>; Inga Woelfel<sups>1</sups>; Christoph V. Horst<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Chair of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Embryology and Histology</emph>, <emph>Ludwig‐Maximilian University</emph>, <emph>Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>HC Biovision</emph>, <emph>Mainburg</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> A congenital hydrocephalus internus is a known but rare malformation in dairy calves. Different imaging techniques are commonly used to specify the diagnostic findings. Correlating the resulting images with necropsy findings is difficult. Sectional anatomy and plastination techniques enable to study parts of anatomical structures in the natural context. In this present case, the combining of the techniques shall lead to a better understanding of the neuropathological changes.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> An ultrasonic examination of the brain ventricles of a 7‐week‐old female Holstein Friesian calf with a hydrocephalus internus was conducted. After euthanasia, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) examinations of the head were performed. In a next step, the deep‐frozen head was cut in sagittal sections of varying thickness between 0,5 and 3 cm. Images were taken before the different plastination protocols (S10 silicone plastination, TTT‐sheet plastination, SI‐sheet plastination) were applied.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Sonography yielded poor visualization of the extent of neuropathological changes. MRI and CT images showed a detailed view of the topography and size of the pathological changes. The sagittal sections presented the hydrocephalus pathology with an improved visualization of details and differentiation of fine structures depending on the plastination protocol.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> MRI and CT imaging allowed exact visualization of the pathological changes, while sonography was not an adequate tool. Depending on the applied techniques, plastination improved the understanding of the CT and MRI findings. The combination of the different techniques opens an all‐embracing understanding during education and improves the clinical assessment.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-182">091</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-183">Quantitative evaluation of salivary gland immunohistochemical images using the influence of h...</hd> <p>Maša Mavri<sups>1</sups>; Marjeta Čandek‐Potokar<sups>2</sups>; Gregor Fazarinc<sups>1</sups>; Martin Škrlep<sups>2</sups>; Božidar Potočnik<sups>3</sups>; Nina Batorek‐Lukač <sups>2</sups> and Valentina Kubale<sups>1</sups>*</p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Preclinical Sciences</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia;</emph>masa.mavri@vf.uni-lj.si, gregor.fazarinc@vf.uni-lj.si, valentina.kubale@vf.uni-lj.si<emph>; <sups>2</sups>Animal Production Department</emph>, <emph>Agricultural Institute of Slovenia</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia;</emph>meta.candek-potokar@kis.si<emph>;</emph>martin.skrlep@kis.si<emph>;</emph>nina.batorek@kis.si<emph>; <sups>3</sups>Institute of Computer science</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</emph>, <emph>University of Maribor</emph>, <emph>Maribor</emph>, <emph>Slovenia;</emph> bozidar.potocnik @um.si</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Recent studies reported several beneficial effects of tannins, despite their challenging digestibility. The parotid salivary gland in pigs has evolved an adaptive mechanism against high dietary tannin content by producing proline‐rich proteins (PRPs), which protect the gastrointestinal mucosa. In a study testing the intake of 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% (T3) hydrolysable tannins concentrations in boars, a marked enlargement of parotid salivary glands (parotidomegaly) was observed. In these samples, we investigated the relationship between the observed parotidomegaly and the content of different PRPs in the parotid salivary glands using immunohistochemistry and different methods to quantify the observed effect.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold>To quantify the intensity of immunohistohemical staining with antibodies against basic PRB2 or acidic PRH1/2, we analyzed the RGB (red, green, blue) and HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space. RGB and HSV channel properties and distance to black were evaluated for each pixel of images from 5 different microscopic fields per sample. Mean and standard deviation for each property were compared between the experimental groups.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold>A 1.2‐ to 1.4‐fold decrease in parameters distance to black, R, G and B, respectively (<emph>p </emph>< 0.001) was observed for T3 group compared to the control (T0), demonstrating the highest intensity of staining with PRB2 and therefore highest content of this protein in the glandular acini. No difference was observed in samples stained with anti PRH1/2 antibodies.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> High tannin content fed to the T3 group resulted in higher PRP secretion and subsequent parotidomegaly, which was possible to quantify by different methods.</p> <p>The study was not subject to ethical protocols according to directive 2010/63/EU (2010).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-184">092</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-185">Reptiles and their skin – histological and anatomical perspective with clinical importance</hd> <p>Catrin S. Rutland<sups>1</sups>; Pia Cigler<sups>2,3</sups>; Alenka Dovč<sups>4</sups>; Zlatko Golob<sups>5</sups> and Valentina Kubale<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>School of Veterinary Medicine and Science</emph>, <emph>University of Nottingham</emph>, <emph>College Road</emph>, <emph>Sutton Bonington</emph>, <emph>Leicestershire</emph>, <emph>UK; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Preclinical Sciences</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia; 3Clinic for Zoo Animals</emph>, <emph>Exotic Pets and Wildlife</emph>, <emph>University of Zurich</emph>, <emph>Zurich</emph>, <emph>Switzerland; <sups>4</sups>Clinics for small ...</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia; <sups>5</sups>Golob d.o.o</emph>., <emph>Clinic for Small</emph>, <emph>Wild and Exotic Animals</emph>, <emph>Muta</emph>, <emph>Slovenia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Mammalian and reptilian skin share some common characteristics. Diverse features of different reptile subgroups at the histological level are of high interest for animal skin health and systemic diagnostics. An understanding of the unique characteristics of reptile skin is essential for successful treatment of skin problems and diseases in reptiles.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Skin from different reptile species: Red‐eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), Emerald Tree Boa (Corallus caninus), Burmese Python (Python bivittatus), Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus), Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) and Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) were inspected by histology techniques. Skin layers and composition structures were examined and compared. Samples of dorsal, abdominal and leg skin were taken in the resting stage of epidermis (not in the process of ecdysis) from adult dead animals.</p> <p> <bold>Results<emph>:</emph></bold> Skin classical layers were similar to mammalian skin and different in epidermis (α‐ and β‐keratin layer, less cell layers), dermis (less glands and different orientation of collagen fibers) and subcutis (less fat tissue). Different reptile species differentiated in skin thickness, collagen fiber orientation and melanocyte and melanophores presence. Entire layers size of scutes in caiman was thinner than in other species scales. Integumentary sensory organs were more numerous in the caiman. Leopard gecko's skin was thinner and has ability to heal faster and regenerate (tail).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Most reptilian skin heals slower that mammal skin due to lower metabolism, variable temperature, as well as epidermis and dermis structure. Knowing its features helps in healing process and maintaining good skin health for shedding.</p> <p>The study was not subject to ethical protocols according to directive 2010/63/EU (2010).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-186">093</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-187">Characterisation of Lipid Droplets in canine Osteosarcoma</hd> <p>Natascha Leitner<sups>1</sups>; Juraj Hlavatý<sups>1</sups>; Reinhard Ertl<sups>2</sups>; Andrea Fuchs‐Baumgartinger<sups>3</sups> and Ingrid Walter<sups>1,2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Morphology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria; <sups>2</sups>VetCORE Facility for Research</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria; <sups>3</sups>Institute of Pathology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna Austria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In an interconnected comparative research approach on osteosarcoma, dogs serve as well‐established model organism for the human disease. Due to enhanced cell growth, oncogenic signaling and metastasis, changes in lipid metabolism gained interest in cancer research. The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid droplet formation in canine osteosarcoma, with focus on special lipid‐droplet‐surface‐proteins: the perilipins (PLINs 1‐5).</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold>Tissue samples from canine osteosarcoma patients (<emph>n</emph> = 10) as well as 3D <emph>in vitro</emph> cell culture tumor‐models (D‐17, COS4288) were analysed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and molecular biological methods (western‐blot, RT‐qPCR), related to their content of lipid droplets. The amount of cholesterol and triacylglycerol in the 3D models was analysed via colorimetric assay.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Lipid droplets were present in osteosarcoma tissue samples as well as 3D spheroids. Western‐blot data indicated an increasing amount of PLIN1, PLIN2 and PLIN3 proteins in concordance to longer cultivation time of 3D spheroids (<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref8">7</reflink>, 14 and 21 days). RT‐qPCR data confirmed this trend for PLIN1 und PLIN3. Surprisingly PLIN2 mRNA expression levels did not correlate with the protein expression. Lipid droplet number and size were also concomitant with culture time of spheroids. Differences in the local distribution of PLIN2 within the 3D models were observed using immunofluorescence‐microscopy in both cell lines.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> We have shown that lipid droplets are present in canine osteosarcoma tissue samples and in spheroids of osteosarcoma cells. The size of the lipid droplets is dependent on cultivation time. Differences concerning the presence and distribution pattern of lipid‐droplet‐surface‐proteins were detected in both cell lines.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-188">094</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-189">Diffusion‐weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the normal feline brain: comparison between...</hd> <p>Adrien Limozin<sups>1</sups>; Marie Escudier‐Donnadieu<sups>1</sups>; Rémi Boudou<sups>1</sups>; Samuel Boucher<sups>2</sups>; Jonatan Fabre<sups>1</sups>; Benjamin Cartiaux<sups>1</sups>; Patrice Péran<sups>2</sups>; Alexandra Deviers<sups>3</sups> and Giovanni Mogicato<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Université de Toulouse</emph>, <emph>ENVT</emph>, <emph>Toulouse</emph>, <emph>France; <sups>2</sups>ToNIC</emph>, <emph>Toulouse NeuroImaging Center</emph>, <emph>Université de Toulouse</emph>, <emph>Inserm</emph>, <emph>UPS</emph>, <emph>Toulouse</emph>, <emph>France; <sups>3</sups>ToNIC</emph>, <emph>Toulouse NeuroImaging Center</emph>, <emph>Université de Toulouse</emph>, <emph>Inserm</emph>, <emph>UPS</emph>, <emph>ENVT</emph>, <emph>Toulouse</emph>, <emph>France</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> With improvements in veterinary medicine the geriatric population of pet cats is increasing. Recent studies underline that ageing feline brain undergoes structural alteration which may lead to cognitive dysfunction syndrome around 10 years old (Gunn‐Moore et al. 2007 J Small Anim Pract. 48:546‐553). Diffusion‐Weighted (DW) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used in human medicine to study neurodegenerative disorders (Basser et al. 2000 Magn Reson Med. 44:625‐632). Therefore, the aim of our study was to use for the first time diffusion‐weighted MRI to compare the normal feline brain between middle‐aged and old cats.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> DW MR images were obtained from twelve cats (six >10 years old and six <6 years old), without neurological disorders, with a 3 T system. In addition, 3D T2‐weighted (T2W) Turbo Field Echo sequence (1 mm isotropic resolution) were acquired on the same MRI system. Morphology, volume, signal intensity, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values were obtained on T2W and DW images from different cerebral structures of interest.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Compared to middle‐aged cats, the volume of thalamus was significantly smaller whereas the volume of lateral ventricles was significantly greater in old cats. Also, old cats showed both intensity and ADC values abnormalities in most cerebral structures of interest.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> By using diffusion‐weighted MRI, our results show structural alterations in ageing feline brain. This technique could be used in cats to differentiate normal aging brain from pathological neurodegeneration.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (APAFIS#21559‐2019071917392588v3).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-190">095</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-191">Is Augmented Reality the new way for teaching and learning veterinary cardiac anatomy?</hd> <p>W. Brady Little, Cristian Dezdrobitu, Anne Conan, Elpida Artemiou</p> <p> <emph>Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>St. Kitts</emph>, <emph>West Indies</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Strong understanding of cardiac anatomy and function are essential components of veterinary medical education; however, the heart is considered challenging to comprehend due to its complexity.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold>This study introduced and assessed a new learning resource, the IVALA® augmented reality (AR) heart program in a cohort of pre‐veterinary students. Students were randomly divided into traditional textbook learning and AR learning groups. All students underwent a pre‐ and post‐intervention testing assessing baseline cardiac anatomy knowledge, as well as pre‐intervention evaluation of inherent spatial awareness. Teaching and learning included a 60‐minute cadaveric learning experience guided by either traditional learning resources or the IVALA® program. All students completed a participant survey about their learning experiences. Seventy‐four students (36 in the control, and 38 in the IVALA® group) participated in the research.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> No significant difference in post‐test improvement was noted between the two groups. On a 20‐question assessment, students in the IVALA<emph>®</emph> group improved by an average of 4.9 questions correct over their pre‐intervention test, and the control group improved by an average of 4.8 questions (<emph>p </emph>= 0.9). A positive correlation was found between spatial awareness scores and post‐test improvement regardless of cohort group (<emph>p </emph>= 0.03). Sixty‐two individuals (83.8%) completing the participant survey reported an overwhelming preference for learning with AR compared to traditional methods.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study illustrates student preference of IVALA® program in learning anatomy of the heart and supports its use is as effective as traditional methods of teaching with the benefit of increased enthusiasm and engagement</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-192">096</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-193">Anatomic and Histologic Study of Salivary Glands of Adult Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeri...</hd> <p>Daniel V. M. Lobão; Fabiana M. G. Jorge; Flavia M. P. M. Donoso; Mayla M. de O. Alcobaça; Marilú C. Silva and Antônio C. de Assis Neto.</p> <p> <emph>Department of Surgery</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science</emph>, <emph>University of São Paulo</emph>, <emph>São Paulo</emph>, <emph>Brazil</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Capybaras are the largest living rodents and have the habit of cecotrophy so they can assimilate proteins from feces. Considering that salivary glands have an important role in deglutition and digestion, we have developed an anatomic and histologic description of the salivary glands of adult capybaras with the aim of helping food management in captive breeding individuals.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The animals were fixed in 10 % formalin solution. The salivary glands of 2 capybaras were dissected and the samples dehydrated and included in paraffin. Slices of 5 micrometers were cutted and stained by hematoxylin:eosin (H&E).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> During dissection the parotid, mandibular and sublingual glands were identified within its ducts and oral aperture, the same glands being found in mocó (<emph>Kerodon rupestris</emph>) and cutia (<emph>Dasyprocta leporina</emph>). The localization, syntopy and general morphology were described. The parotid gland measures were: 91.14 mm width, 131.75mm length and 8.74mm thick; the macroscopic aspect is irregular and microscopically it was composed of serous acinus, as can be found in other related rodents as mocó (<emph>Kerodon rupestris</emph>) and cutia (<emph>Dasyprocta leporina</emph>). In the mandibular gland were found acinus composed of cuboidal cells and acinus composed of pyramidal cells, in contrast, in the sublingual gland the cuboidal cells were predominants, arranged in a tubuloacinar pattern.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Generally the localization, syntopy and shape were similar to those described for domestic mammals. The parotid was bigger in comparison with the other glands and is bigger than the parotid glands of other mammals when proportionally compared.</p> <p> <emph>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the University of São Paulo ([No. of approval: 6134230518/ FAPESP: 2019/03138‐0)</emph>.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-194">097</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-195">Functional anatomy of the stifle joint in the alpaca</hd> <p>Darinka Riebow; Elisabeth Zandt and Johann Maierl</p> <p> <emph>Chair of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The number of South American Camelids (SAC) kept in Europe is increasing constantly. Therefore, veterinarians are confronted with clinical problems of these animals. Concerning the stifle joint, there are clinical reports about patella luxation. However, basic anatomical information on the alpaca's stifle joint is scarce.</p> <p>This study's objective was to present the anatomy of the alpaca stifle in general especially focussing on stabilizers of the patella gliding in the femoral trochlea.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Pelvic limbs of 12 alpacas, euthanized for medical reasons not affecting the locomotor apparatus, were examined. The stifle joints were carefully dissected (<emph>n</emph> = 10; 8 alpacas) stratigraphically to preserve the stabilizing structures like aponeuroses and fascias.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The basic anatomy of the alpaca stifle resembles that of small ruminants. However, the m. vastus intermedius shows a tripartite insertion into the patella: the medial and lateral branch are attached to the respective collateral aspect of the patella while the third middle branch inserts to its proximal aspect.</p> <p>Furthermore, the two‐layered insertion of the gluteobiceps muscle supports the patella laterally. The medial femoral fascia and m. semimembranosus form the medial stabilizing counterpart. The lateral and medial femoropatellar ligaments are located in immediate vicinity to the articular capsule.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Data analysis from case reports suggests that patella luxation is a rare clinical condition in alpacas, possibly due to the aforementioned supporting structures which provide a stable patellar guidance. However, basic anatomic knowledge of the stifle joint is necessary for treating animals affected by luxation.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-196">098</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-197">Adiponectin system in the skin of the obese dog: a comparative study</hd> <p>Mercati Francesca<sups>1</sups>; Margherita Maranesi<sups>1</sups>; Antonio Di Loria<sups>2</sups>; Diego Piantedosi<sups>2</sups>; Paolo Ciaramella<sups>2</sups>; Elvio Lepri <sups>1</sups> Cecilia Dall'Aglio <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Perugia</emph>, <emph>Perugia</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>2</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions</emph>, <emph>University of Napoli "Federico II"</emph>, <emph>Napoli</emph>, <emph>Italy</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Adipokines regulate skin functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Obesity influences on a plethora of associated diseases including skin dermatological disorders. However, adipokines are poorly investigated in the skin of obese animals. This work aims to study the localization and expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ), and its related receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2), in the skin comparing obese and normal‐weight dogs.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study was carried out on of ten obese (body condition score, BCS ≥7/9) and ten normal‐weight (BCS of 4–5/9) adult dogs. Skin biopsies were collected from the ventral region and used to perform Real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 immunostaining were observed in the sweat and sebaceous glands, in the adipose tissue extending among follicular clusters, in the endothelium and some connective cells. In addition, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 were observed in the epidermis, in the hair follicles, in the sweat and sebaceous glands. Significant expression differences were observed for ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 transcripts that were 5.4‐fold (<emph>p </emph>< 0.01) and 2.3‐fold less (p <0.01) respectively, in obese than in normal‐weight dogs while no difference was observed for ADIPOR1.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 expression in the skin appear negatively correlated with obesity. These findings evidence that the ADIPOQ system changes in the obese dog skin and suggest that ADIPOR2 regulates the ADIPOQ effect on the skin. This study opens interesting questions on the modifications of adipokines in the skin of obese animals.</p> <p>The <emph>experimental</emph> procedures were approved by the Ethical Animal Care and Use Committee (n.PG/2017/0099607) of the University of Naples Federico II.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-198">099</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-199">Anatomy of the nasal cavity in the Iranian native sheep (Afshari) using computed tomography a...</hd> <p>Omid Zehtabvar<sups>1</sups>; Vajhi AR<sups>2</sups>; Seyyed Hossein Modarres<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; <sups>2</sups>Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; <sups>3</sups>DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</emph>h.modaress1377@ut.ac.ir</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Computed Tomography makes precise anatomic data which can be used as a reference for comparing with the images of the abnormal cases. The present work aimed to describe the normal computed tomography and cross‐sectional anatomy of the nasal cavity in Iranian native sheep (Afshari).</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The 5 samples were collected from slaughtered sheep in any of Tehran slaughterhouse. The skulls were dissected in dissection room of veterinary medicine after imaging in Tehran veterinary medicine hospital. The measurements were made by RADIANT application.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Nasal cavity is divided into three region. Vestibular, respiratory and olfactory region. The length of this region is 3.4 centimeter and Includes three folds. Straight , alar and basal fold. These three folds Continue in the next region and make dorsal nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae and ventral nasal conchae. The middle nasal conchae is the largest conchae in ruminants and makes up 36% of the respiratory region in this breed. This region is 6.3 centimeter long and the Infra orbital foramen is in this region (2.1 centimeter dorsal to the second pre‐molar tooth). The last part of nasal cavity is named olfactory region and extending from the level of third pre‐molar tooth to about 1.4 cm caudal to the last molar one.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The current study provided an acceptable anatomical explanation of nasal cavity. CT and cross‐sectional anatomy could be used as helpful database for diagnosis and clinical interference of the nasal and paranasal sinuses in sheep.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-200">100</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-201">Visualization of stroke‐associated neuroinflammation by the alpha7‐nAChR ligand [ 18 F]DBT10</hd> <p>Björn Nitzsche<sups>1</sups>; Winnie Deuther‐Conrad<sups>2</sups>; Marianne Patt<sups>1</sups>*; Rodrigo Teodoro<sups>2</sups>; Matthias Scheunemann<sups>2</sups>; Wolfgang Härtig<sups>3</sups>; Barbara Wenzel<sups>2</sups>; Susanne Aleithe<sups>3</sups>; Bianca Mages<sups>3</sups>; Julia Luthardt<sups>1</sups>; Michael Rullmann<sups>1</sups>; Georg Becker<sups>1</sups>; Thomas Grunwald<sups>4</sups>; Dominik Michalski<sups>5</sups>; Johannes Boltze<sups>6</sups>; Peter Brust<sups>2</sups>*; Osama Sabri<sups>1</sups>*; Henryk Barthel<sups>1</sups>*</p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Nuclear Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>University</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph>,<emph>; <sups>2</sups>Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf</emph>, <emph>Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research</emph>, <emph>Research Site Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph>,<emph>; <sups>3</sups>Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph>, <emph><sups>4</sups>Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph>,<emph>; <sups>5</sups>Department of Neurology</emph>, <emph>University of Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph>,<emph>; <sups>6</sups>School of Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of Warwick</emph>, <emph>Coventry</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Neuroinflammatory processes after ischemic stroke represent promising therapeutic targets but visualization is hardly possible. Activated microglia express key regulatory alpha7‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Thus, the novel alpha7‐nAChR ligand [<sups>18</sups>F]DBT10 was investigated for its potential to visualize post‐stroke neuroinflammation.</p> <p> <bold>Methods:</bold> Ten adult Merino sheep were assigned to permanent left middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO, day 1). Controls (<emph>n</emph> = 3) received no or sham surgery. Simultaneous dynamic (120 min) brain PET/MRI (~300 MBq [<sups>18</sups>F]DBT10) was conducted prior to baseline as well as 4 hours, 7 days and 14 days after pMCAO. In parallel [<sups>15</sups>O]H<subs>2</subs>O‐PET and standard stroke MRI sequences were employed to compute different compartments of the ischemically altered brain. <emph>Ex vivo</emph> autoradiography (AR) and histopathology were performed immediately after PET/MRI on day 14.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> [<sups>18</sups>F]DBT10 was metabolized with half‐life of 18 min in blood and showed a fast cerebellar washout. The accumulation in cortical areas reached a plateau at 60 min p.i. After pMCAO, the uptake of [<sups>18</sups>F]DBT10 was decreased in the ischemically altered brain area (day 1: SUVRs<subs>110‐120min p.i</subs>. = 0.94 ± 0.04 and day 7: 0.90 ± 0.17). Tracer uptake was strongly increased in the infarction border at day 14 (1.82 ± 0.72; <emph>p </emph>< 0.01). The PET results on day 14 were confirmed by AR and correlat with activation of microglia and infiltration of macrophages.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> [<sups>18</sups>F]DBT10 is promising for <emph>in vivo</emph> monitoring of neuroinflammation in patients with ischemic stroke by PET. Prospectively tracing the alpha7‐nAChRs may contribute to assess the impact of potential therapeutics in stroke research.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee and the Ministry of Saxony, Germany (No. of approval: 56/15).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-202">101</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-203">Processing of medical images to enhance learning success in anatomical training</hd> <p>Björn Nitzsche; Johannes Seeger; Dora Bernigau; Christoph Mülling</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>University</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Objective:</bold> Especially in the current situation of greatly reduced or no face‐to‐face teaching, significant deficits in anatomy education occur by a lack of practical experience and anatomical dissection. In order to at least partially compensate for these disadvantages, we have developed a course employing medical image processing. Starting in the second semester the course offers opportunities for exploring and self‐studying anatomy by using diagnostic images of different modalities. Additionally, image processing/analysis was included to stimulate application of anatomy and enhance students' practical experiences.</p> <p> <bold>Material/Methods:</bold> The course covered (i) technical aspects of imaging, (ii) general image properties and (iii) survey of specific datasets. E‐lectures were recorded with open‐source software OBS Studio. The provided material included recorded online sessions, datasets as well as detailed and stepwise introduction in medical image viewing and processing including an introduction to the scientific open‐source software FisImageJ (FIJI).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Facultative ZOOM meetings with students covering questions/discussion of the material included a positive feedback of the courses. The labeling feature in Fiji enabled a simple and reproducible anatomical orientation in tomographical scans for students and presenters. Moreover, presented Regions of Interest of different tissues were supplied and enabled 3d‐visualization of real‐world data even with standard computer by students, which allowed for context‐sensitive teaching and learning.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Medical imaging completes traditional teaching methods. Additionally, the acquired basics in different imaging methods allow for assessment with regard to anatomy and function. Moreover, the self‐dependent creation of 3D tissue could allow for supportive cognitive training in times of homeschooling.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-204">102</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-205">Did the increase in blended learning in response to COVID‐19 impact students' learning of ana...</hd> <p>Prisca Noble<sups>1</sups>; Daniel Miller<sups>2</sups>; Karina Jones<sups>3</sups>; Suzy Munns<sups>1</sups> and Sue Medlen<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>College of Public Health</emph>, <emph>Medical and Veterinary Sciences</emph>, <emph>James Cook University</emph>,<emph>Townsville</emph>, <emph>Australia; <sups>2</sups>College of Healthcare Sciences</emph>, <emph>James Cook University</emph>, <emph>Townsville</emph>, <emph>Australia; <sups>3</sups>College of Medicine and Dentistry</emph>, <emph>James Cook University</emph>, <emph>Townsville</emph>, <emph>Australia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> COVID‐19 safety required rapid transitions to blended learning across education. This posed unique challenges for the teaching of anatomy, which is a practical subject area. This study compares the cognitive load (CL) experienced by first‐ and second‐year veterinary anatomy students studying in 2019 (before COVID‐19 teaching adjustments) and 2020 (during COVID‐19 teaching adjustments). Importantly, the core teaching content remained identical for both subjects in 2019 and 2020, allowing us to isolate the effects of differences in instructional delivery.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> CL was measured among first‐ (<emph>n</emph><subs>2019</subs> = 105, <emph>n</emph><subs>2020</subs> = 49) and second‐year students (<emph>n</emph><subs>2019</subs> = 85, <emph>n</emph><subs>2020</subs> = 42) at the end of each teaching semester, using a previously validated survey. The survey measures CL, broken down into intrinsic load (IL, complexity of the material being studied), extraneous load (EL, way material is presented), and germane load (GL, self‐perceived learning). <emph>T</emph>‐test compared the low (2019) and high (2020) blended learning cohorts in terms of CL.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> <emph>T‐</emph>tests indicated that the 2019 and 2020 cohorts did not differ on IL or EL in either the first‐ or second‐year subject. However, among both first‐ and second‐year students, the 2020 cohort reported significantly less GL as compared to the 2019 cohort.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Students who experienced intensified blended learning did not differ from pre‐COVID‐19 students with respect to perceptions of the difficulty of learning anatomy due to anatomy's inherent complexity or the way learning materials are presented. However, these students were significantly less likely to feel that course activities enhanced their understanding of anatomy.</p> <p>Human Research Ethics permit (Approval for research or teaching involving human subjects): H7558</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-206">103</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-207">Gross anatomic features of ramification of the aortic arch in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus a...</hd> <p>Jamal Nourinezhad<sups>1</sups>; Vahid Rostamizadeh<sups>2</sups>; Marzieh Norouzi Tabrizinejad<sups>2</sups>; Abdulaziz Hallak<sups>2</sups>; Raza Ranjbar<sups>1</sups>; Maciej Janeczek<sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; <sups>2</sups> Ph.D. student of Comparative Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; <sups>3</sups>Division of Animal Anatomy, Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland</emph> </p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The main aim of this study was to clarify the general arrangement of branches of the aortic arch of the Syrian hamster and its morphological variations.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A total of 25 healthy adult male and female Syrian hamsters were examined under a stereomicroscope. Latex injection and corrosion cast techniques were used.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Three great arterial branches, namely the brachiocephalic trunk, and the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries originating from the aortic arch were uniformly noted in all examined cases. The short brachiocephalic trunk extended cranially and divided into the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries. Both right and left subclavian arteries normally were given off within thorax, very short costocervical trunk including the supreme intercostal, and common trunk for dorsal scapular and deep cervical arteries, as well as internal thoracic, vertebral, and superficial cervical arteries.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> To comprehend the comparative morphology of the branches of the aortic arch more completely, our results were compared with previous studies in rodents and rabbits.</p> <p>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref9">1</reflink>) the general morphology of the great arteries from the aortic arch was similar to that in mole‐ rat, rat, mice, and porcupine, but essentially different from that in the rabbit, guinea pig, squirrel, and chinchilla, (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref10">2</reflink>) the origin and order of the collateral branches of the subclavian artery demonstrated intraspecific variations in examined Syrian hamsters, and (<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref11">3</reflink>) the presence, origin, order, and number of the collateral branches of the subclavian artery exhibited significant interspecific variations between the Syrian hamster and other rodents and rabbits.</p> <p>All the procedures had the relevance clearance from the Local Ethical Committee for the use of animal experiments (approval code: EE/99.3.02.15054/scu.ac.ir(.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-208">104</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-209">Study of wild canids accessory olfactory bulb differentiation: the fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a r...</hd> <p>Irene Ortiz‐Leal<sups>1</sups>; Mateo Vázquez‐Torres<sups>1</sups>; Paula R. Villamayor<sups>1,2</sups>; Luis Eusebio Fidalgo<sups>1</sups>; and Pablo Sánchez‐Quinteiro<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences. Faculty of Veterinary</emph>, <emph>University of Santiago de Compostela</emph>, <emph>27002 Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>2</sups>Department of Zoology</emph>, <emph>Genetics and Physical Anthropology. Faculty of Veterinary. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela</emph>, <emph>27002 Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The low degree of differentiation of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the dog is a surprising fact, hypothetically explained by the artificial selection exerted on domestic dogs. It remains unclear, however, if this was caused, indeed, by the domestication process, or if the poorly developed AOB is a feature present in phylogenetic ancestors of the dog. Foxes are an excellent model for studying the domestication of Canidae, and more specifically for the study of wild canids AOB. Moreover, the recent identification in the fox vomeronasal organ (VNO) neuroepithelium of Gαo immunopositive cells constitutes an atypical finding that requires a further study of AOB Gαo expression.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The brains of 5 wild foxes supplied by the Galician Hunting Federation were used in this study. Dissection and microdissection techniques, histological stainings, lectin‐histochemical labelling and immunohistochemical techniques were employed.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The AOB of the fox has a microscopic texture remarkably different from what is known in the dog. Striking features are the clear lamination, highly developed glomerula, and a large deep layer, with clearly defined mitral/plexiform and granular layers. Regarding Gao expression, the immunonegative labelling in the superficial layers of the AOB implies that the Gao neuroreceptor cells of the fox VNO are not projecting to the AOB.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The morphofunctional characterization of the fox AOB shows unique characteristics and a higher morphological development compared to the dog. This could provide a better understanding of how the domestication of the dog has shaped the anatomy of its vomeronasal system.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-210">105</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-211">Identification of two adipokines, leptin and apelin, in the abomasum of the sheep</hd> <p>Elisa Palmioli<sups>1</sups>; Paola Scocco<sups>2</sups>;Cecilia Dall'Aglio<sups>1</sups>; Asia Renzi<sups>3</sups>; Francesca Mercati<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Perugia</emph>, <emph>Perugia</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>2</sups>School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Camerino</emph>, <emph>Camerino</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>3</sups>Chianciano Salute S.p.A</emph>, <emph>Chianciano Terme</emph>,<emph>Italy</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold>Leptin and apelin are adipokines mainly produced by adipose tissue related to the individual's nutritional status. These molecules have been also described in the gastrointestinal tract in humans and laboratory animals suggesting a paracrine and apocrine activity. In this work, the presence and localization of leptin and apelin were investigated in the abomasum of the sheep.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold>Samples of the abomasum (sample width 5 mm) were collected from 15 Comisana x Appenninica adult female sheep reared in a semi‐natural pasture of the Italian Central Apennines. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded sections by using a mouse monoclonal anti‐leptin (Fitzgerald) and a rabbit polyclonal anti‐apelin (Novus Biochemical) as primary antibodies. In addition, an anti‐serotonin antibody (Dako) was used to identify neuroendocrine cells.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold>Leptin and apelin were evidenced in the mucous layer of the abomasum in all evaluated samples. Both molecules were localized in the gastric glands, mainly in their lower half; in addition, apelin was detected in the lining epithelium. By morphological characteristics and localization, positive cells were labelled as principal cells. Serotonin positive neuroendocrine cells were positive to leptin and negative to apelin. All molecules were observed at the cytoplasmic cell level.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Leptin and apelin detection in the gastric glands suggests a local secretion and a role of these adipokines in the paracrine regulation of the digestive function, as already attested in other species.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee and the Ministry of Health [No. of approval 95/2018‐PR].</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-212">106</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-213">Effect of chronic stress on food preference and morphology of the penis of rats</hd> <p>Roger Gaspar Marchon<sups>1</sups>; Bianca Martins Gregório<sups>1</sups>; Francisco José Sampaio<sups>1</sups>; Marco Aurélio Pereira‐Sampaio<sups>1</sups><sups>,2</sups>; Diogo Benchimol de Souza<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Urogenital Research Unit</emph>, <emph>State University of Rio de Janeiro</emph>, <emph>Rio de Janeiro</emph>, <emph>RJ</emph>, <emph>Brasil; <sups>2</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Fluminense Federal University</emph>, <emph>Niterói</emph>, <emph>RJ</emph>, <emph>Brasil</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic stress on food preference and penile morphology of adult male Wistar rats.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Thirty‐two adult Wistar rats were assigned into 4 groups: control with standard diet (C), stress with standard diet (S), control with standard diet plus comfort food (C+CF) and stress with standard diet plus comfort food (S+CF, <emph>n</emph> = 8). Groups S and S+CF were subjected to chronic stress by immobilization. The penile area, the area of the corpus cavernosum with and without the tunica albuginea, the density of connective tissue and the density of smooth muscle were analyzed. The Kolmogorov‐Smirnov normality test, the one‐way ANOVA statistical test with Newman‐Keuls post‐test were applied. Considered significant when p <0.05.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The animals in the S+CF group showed an 18.54% preference for comfort food compared to the C+CF group. Comparing S and C+CF, there was a reduction in the total penile area and the corpus cavernosum with the tunica albuginea in 6.78% and 7.03%, respectively. Regarding C versus S, C versus S+CF and S versus C+CF, there was an increase in the density of connective tissue by 12.79%, 10.42% and 9.23%, respectively. When comparing C versus S, C versus S+CF and C+CF versus S+CF, there was a reduction in the density of smooth muscle in 39.18%, 47.54% and 37.93%, respectively.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion</bold> <emph>:</emph> Animals have preferred comfort food in a stress condition. Stress caused morphological changes in penis and diet did not mitigate these effects.</p> <p>The experimental protocols used in this study were submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee for the Care and Use of Experimental Animals of the Roberto Alcântara Gomes Institute of Biology, UERJ, under number 004/2019.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-214">107</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-215">Biocements and study of their angiogenic potential using quail animal model</hd> <p>Eva Petrovova<sups>1</sups>; Zuzana Demcisakova<sups>1</sups>; Lenka Luptakova <sups>2</sups> and Lubomir Medvecky <sups>1,3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morphological Disciplines</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy</emph>, <emph>Kosice</emph>, <emph>Slovak Republic; <sups>2</sups>Department of Biology and Physiology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy</emph>, <emph>Kosice</emph>, <emph>Slovak Republic; <sups>3</sups>Institute of Materials Research</emph>, <emph>The Slovak Academy of Sciences</emph>, <emph>Kosice</emph>, <emph>Slovak Republic</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction</bold> The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the avian embryo provides a simple and effective alternative model for assessing the biocompatibility of the new potential implants for biomedical research. This alternative animal model represents an intermediate step of testing biomaterials between the simple model (in vitro) and the complex in vivo system (rodents, large animals) in accordance with the principles of 3R´s.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fertilized Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs (<emph>N</emph> = 300) were incubated and on embryonic day (ED) 3 the embryos were transferred into six‐well tissue culture plate. On ED6, the sterilized biocements C, CAK, and CAL were gently put on the CAM surface. On ED9, the vascularization and vascular index of CAM around biomaterials were evaluated. The implantation of biomaterials was repeated three times.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> All tested biocements (C, CAK, CAL) significantly induced growing of vessels toward the biocement 72 hours after implantation. Biocement C increased number of vessels by 58%. It is slightly induction of angiogenic activity comparing to the other tested biocements CAK and CAL. Biocement CAK increased number of vessels by 69%, and the highest number of vessels was observed with biocement CAL (75%). Regarding to this evaluation, angiogenic activities of biocements CAK and CAL were significantly higher comparing with biocement C.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> All of materials induce angiogenic activity, although biocement CAL showed the highest pro‐angiogenic effect 72 hours after implantation. It remains to be determined whether angiogenesis and/or vasculogenesis is involved in vascular activity of tested biomaterials.</p> <p>The present study was supported in part by the Grant Agency of Ministry of the Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic no. VEGA‐1/0050/19, and the project no. 2018/14433: 1‐26C0, within the provided incentives for research and development from the state budget in accordance with Act no. 185/2009 on incentives for research and development, and Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract no. APVV‐20‐0073.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-216">108</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-217">Three‐dimensional study of taste buds of fungiform papillae in cattle, European bison, and Bi...</hd> <p>Barbara Plewa; Kinga Skieresz‐Szewczyk and Hanna Jackowiak</p> <p> <emph>Department of Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Poznan University of Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Poznan</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Our previous studies on tongues of domesticated cattle, wild European bison, and their hybrid indicated differences in arrangement, number, and shape of fungiform papillae. It encouraged us to specify, for the first time, the microstructure, distribution, and the precise number of taste buds using three‐dimensional analysis.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Tongues of adult ruminants were collected from the slaughterhouse and fixed in formalin. Tissue blocks with fungiform papillae from apex, body, and torus were serially cut at 8 µm. Masson‐Goldner stained slides were documented under the light microscope. The morphometry and 3D reconstructions of fungiform papillae and taste buds were conducted in Multiscan and Amira software.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Two patterns of taste bud arrangement on fungiform papillae were distinguished: (i) evenly distribution, (ii) grouped in clusters, strips, or crescent shapes. In the studied ruminants, the highest number and density of taste buds were observed on the ventral surface of the apex, lateral and posterior surfaces of the torus. In cattle, the highest number of taste buds per papilla were identified. Fungiform papillae on the anterior tongue surface in hybrids lacked taste buds or had a single one. Moreover, on the tongue in cattle and hybrids over 6000 taste buds were determined, while in European bison had fewer than 2500.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study revealed three relevant areas on tongues in taste perception, as indicated by the highest number and density of taste buds in fungiform papillae. Moreover, in wild‐living European bison relatively low total number of taste buds were observed in comparison to examined domesticated species.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-218">109</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-219">Localization of neurotrophin specific Trk receptors in mechanosensory systems of killifish (N...</hd> <p>Caterina Porcino<sups>1</sups>; Marialuisa Aragona<sups>1</sups>; Rosa Falleti<sups>2</sups>; Antonino Germanà<sups>1</sups>; and Francesco Abbate <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of Messina</emph>, <emph>Messina</emph>, <emph>Italy; <sups>2</sups>Department of Chemical</emph>, <emph>Biological</emph>, <emph>Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences</emph>, <emph>University of Messina</emph>, <emph>Messina</emph>, <emph>Italy</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Neurotrophins (NTs) and their signal‐transducing Trk receptors play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of specific neuronal subpopulations in nervous and sensory systems. NTs are supposed to regulate two sensory systems in fish, the inner ear and the lateral line system (LLS). The latter is one of the major mechanosensory systems in fish. Considering that annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius, with their short life expectancy, have become a suitable model for aging studies and that the occurrence and distribution of neurotrophin Trk receptors have never been investigated in the inner ear and LLS of killifish (Nothobranchius guentheri), our study aimed to investigate the localization of neurotrophin‐specific Trk receptors in mechanosensory systems of N. guentheri.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Adult specimens of N. guentheri, were fixed in Bouin for 24 h and routinely processed for histological and immunofluorescence analysis using antibodies against Trk receptors. The immunostaining was detected using a Zeiss LSMDUO confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss Micro Imaging) and the captured images were processed using Zen 2011 (LSM 700 Zeiss software).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> An intense specific immunoreaction for Trk receptors was found in the neurons of acoustic ganglia and in the sensory cells of the inner ear as well as in the hair cells of LLS.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Taken together, these results demonstrate, for the first time, that neurotrophins and their specific receptors might be involved in the biology as wells as in the regeneration process of sensory hair cells of inner ear and LLS of N. guentheriAll samples have been collected during an autoptic examination.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-220">110</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-221">A collaborative sequential dissection and associated wiki creation aid student learning of ve...</hd> <p>Renato L. Previdelli; Emma Boardman; Stephen Frean and Sarah B. Channon</p> <p> <emph>Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences</emph>, <emph>Royal Veterinary College</emph>, <emph>London</emph>, <emph>UK</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Following the new COVID‐19 regulations, a group sequential dissection of the dog abdomen was created while maintaining social distance in the dissection room. Students created a collaborative wiki‐style repository of learning material to supplement their dissection experience. The main hypothesis of this study was that students would successfully meet learning outcomes relating to the anatomy of the dog abdomen via this innovative educational approach.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Each tutor group (six students) dissected the same animal cadaver in different sessions across five days. During dissections, students worked in socially‐distanced pairs, one dissecting and one recording images and videos of the cadaver. Subsequently, students combined their recordings forming a final submission of a collaborative wiki (MS Teams) material of the canine abdomen. A formative open book MCQ test containing thirty specific questions on the functional anatomy of the dog abdomen was conducted online at the end to assess students' knowledge.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Attendance at the dissection practical sessions was 100%, with 224/250 students first attempts recorded for the formative test and an average grade of 80.2%. Our results shows that 16% of the attempts achieved a grade between 95‐100; 20%, 90‐95; 10%, 85‐90; 25%, 80‐85; 7%, 75‐80 and 9%, 70‐75/100 (SD = ±13.13). The group wikis created were assessed by academics, with an average grade of 3.75/5 (SD = ±0.91).</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> An interdisciplinary and collaborative dissection of the canine abdomen with the creation of an online wiki positively impact student learning of veterinary anatomy.</p> <p>All experimental procedures were approved by the Social Science Research Ethical Review Board at the Royal Veterinary College (URN SR2020‐0326).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-222">111</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-223">Immediate and late effects of stress on the prostate of prepubertal and adult rats</hd> <p>Isabella M. Procópio<sups>1</sups>; Carina T. Ribeiro<sups>1</sups>; Francisco J. Sampaio<sups>1</sups>; Diogo B. De Souza <sups>1</sups> and Marco A. Pereira Sampaio<sups>1,2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Urogenital Research Unit</emph>,<emph>State University of Rio de Janeiro</emph>, <emph>Rio de Janeiro</emph>, <emph>RJ</emph>, <emph>Brasil; <sups>2</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>,<emph>Fluminense Federal University</emph>, <emph>Niterói</emph>, <emph>RJ</emph>, <emph>Brasil</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Stress can induce acute or chronic imbalance of homeostasis, causing physiological and morphological changes in different organs, including androgenic disfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic stress on the prostate of adult rats subjected to stress condition before and after puberty and whether morphological changes remain stable or worsen after the removal of stressful stimuli.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Sixty‐nine male Wistar rats were assigned into 8 groups. Stress stimuli were performed by immobilization for 2 hours daily, during 6 weeks in prepubertal and adult rats, which was evaluated immediately (24 hours) after the last stress stimuli (SP‐I and SA‐I groups). Other prepubertal (SP‐L) and adult stressed groups (SA‐L) were evaluated 6 weeks after the last stress stimuli. Age‐matched animals were used as control groups (CP‐I, CA‐I, CP‐L, and CA‐L). The height of the prostate epithelium of each animal was analyzed using the software Image J. Means were compared by Student's <emph>t</emph>‐test considering significant when <emph>p </emph>< 0.05.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The results revealed that the epithelium height in animals from SP‐L group increased by 15.34%, when compared to the CP‐L group (p = 0.0274). The other groups did not present any significant difference.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Chronic stress promoted morphological changes in the prostate epithelium of rats when induced before puberty and lately analyzed.</p> <p>The experimental protocols used in this study were submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee for the Care and Use of Experimental Animals of the Roberto Alcântara Gomes Institute of Biology, UERJ, under number CEUA/004/2015)</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-224">112</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-225">The microstructure and vascularization of the ovaries in the European shorthair cat in prenat...</hd> <p>Ewelina Prozorowska; Weronika Gruszka and Hanna Jackowiak</p> <p> <emph>Department of Animal Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Poznan University of Life Sciences</emph>, <emph>Poznan</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The study aimed to evaluate the rate of development of the feline ovary based on analysis of its microstructure and microvasculature.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The research material was ovaries of 6 embryos and 40 fetuses obtained from cats subjected to ovariohysterectomy because of clinical reasons. Observations of histological slides, 3D models, and vascular microcorrosion casts imaged in SEM were conducted. According to Polish law and the EU directive (no. 2010/63/EU), the research did not require approval of the Local Ethical Committee.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Cat ovaries start to develop in 24‐day‐old embryos. In 28/30‐day‐old fetuses, the primary sex cords differentiate into the cortical and medullary cords, contributing to the development of the follicular zona parenchymatosa and vascular zona vasculosa. The medullary cords disintegrate until the 46<sups>th</sups> – day p.c. The cortical cords, settled by germ cells, just before birth change into the primordial ovarian follicles. In newborn cats, zona parenchymatosa occupies 20% of the ovary, and zona vasculosa is about 80%, markedly different from that of adult cats. The vascular system of the ovary, until 36<sups>th</sups>‐day p.c. consists of a simple capillary network, which develops into arteries and veins, branching in the zona vasculosa, and forming a fine system of capillaries in the zona parenchymatosa.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results indicated that the appropriate structure and proportion of the ovarian zona parenchymatosa and vasculosa are established in the postnatal period. The vascular system of the fetal ovary is nutritional, as the functional capillary networks are formed with the development of primary ovarian follicles.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-226">113</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-227">The way of the sperm in the female genital tract of the alpaca</hd> <p>Sven Reese<sups>1</sups>; Miguel Camara‐Pirez<sups>2</sups>; Patricia Brennan<sups>3</sups> and Sabine Kölle<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>LMU Munich</emph>, <emph>Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Health Sciences Centre</emph>, <emph>School of Medicine</emph>, <emph>University College Dublin</emph>, <emph>Dublin</emph>, <emph>Ireland; <sups>3</sups>Department of Biological Sciences</emph>, <emph>Mount Holyoke College</emph>, <emph>South Hadley</emph>, <emph>USA</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Details of the reproductive physiology of alpacas is currently incomplete. Therefore, the aim of the study was to shed light on the way of the sperm and the sperm‐oviduct interaction in alpacas.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Specimens were collected immediately after slaughter from a commercial alpaca farm (Morning Beckons Farm, Connecticut, USA). The female alpacas (<emph>n</emph> = 7) had been mated between 5 mins and 24 hs before death. Samples of the cervix, the uterine horns, the uterine part of the oviduct as well as from isthmus and ampulla were removed and investigated by a modified native cell imaging technology, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The abundance of sperm was found in the uterotubal junction already 5 mins after mating. A small amount of sperm was localized in the ampulla whereas only single sperm were stuck in the uterus and the cervix. Sperm were bound with their head in a tangential angle to the cilia of the oviductal cells independently of time of the mating (5 mins‐24 hs). Large amounts of extracellular vesicles occurred in the oviduct. Numerous red blood cells and epithelial lesions were visible in the uterus.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our results indicate that during mating alpaca sperm are deposited near the uterotubal junction where they bind to the ciliated cells and initiate rapid intercellular communication. As alpacas are highly fertile, this knowledge might contribute to the creation of novel therapeutic concepts for treatment of subfertility.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved for ethical exemption by the institutional ethics committee (AREC‐E‐20‐13‐Koelle).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-228">114</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-229">3D Scanning: a valuable tool for the creation of virtual reality in anatomy learning</hd> <p>Sven Reese<sups>1</sups>; Tobias Jäger<sups>1</sups>; Sabine Kölle<sups>2</sups> and Johann Maierl<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>LMU Munich</emph>, <emph>Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Health Sciences Centre</emph>, <emph>School of Medicine</emph>, <emph>University College Dublin</emph>, <emph>Dublin</emph>, <emph>Ireland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> One of the main challenges in learning anatomy is the understanding of the 3D structure of organs. The actual teaching material merely provides 2D views. Additionally, the Covid ‐19 pandemic has highlighted the need of virtual anatomy learning.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In 2020, a 3D‐scanning project of anatomical specimens was initiated. For this purpose, 3 different 3D scanners: Artec Micro (<8 cm), Artec Space Spider (<35 cm), Artec Leo (> 35 cm) were used (Artec 3D, Santa Clara, USA). The data of the scans were transferred to virtual 3D objects using the software Artec Studio 15 and compressed to a web‐friendly format by using Blender 2.9 (<ulink href="http://www.blender.org">www.blender.org</ulink>). World‐wide free access to the virtual 3D objects was granted by using the platform Sketchfab (https://sketchfab.com/vetanatMunich).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> To date, 340 3D scans (organs, bones, topographic preparations, total size: 1.24 TB, item size: 1.4 ‐10 GB) of all domestic animals and birds have been created. Freely movable 3D models can be visualized by smart device and computer. Additionally, technical color coding and x‐ray simulations of each model can be viewed. 84.1 k views (May 2021) have been reported (49.8 % from students of LMU). The peak of the use was noted in the weeks before the final anatomy examinations.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> 3D scanning of anatomical specimens is a valuable tool to enhance anatomical teaching. It allows 3D printing of precious specimens and enables the establishment of virtual reality (VR)‐workstations for anatomical and medical training using multi‐projected environments simulating a user's physical presence in a virtual environment.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-230">115</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-231">Approaching age‐related changes in cat brain by ex vivo MRI and histopathology</hd> <p>Anja Reinert<sups>1</sups>; Carsten Jäger<sups>2,3</sups>; Patricia Wenk<sups>4</sups>; Eike Budinger<sups>4</sups> and Markus Morawski<sups>2,3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute for Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Leipzig University</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research</emph>, <emph>Leipzig University</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Human Brain Sciences</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>4</sups>Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology</emph>, <emph>Magdeburg</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Senior domestic cats have a high risk for cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) similar to Alzheimer disease. CDS is underdiagnosed and characterized by behavioral changes due to neurodegeneration. Information on age‐associated brain pathology is lacking, especially on senile plaques and iron deposits. Thereby, iron is key player in neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer, and we hypothesize the same for the feline companions on route to CDS.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Brains of fresh donated euthanized senior pet cats were prepared for: i) <emph>ex vivo</emph> magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 9.4T Bruker Biospin) including quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) for iron quantification, ii) <emph>in situ</emph> histopathology for visualization of oligomeric amyloid/tau, and iron (Fe<sups>3+</sups>, Perls), iii) transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Libra 120 Zeiss) for visualization of holo‐ferritin.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> QSM, a new method for iron quantification, was for the first time performed on cat brain. The analyzed regions showed a different iron load with highest concentrations in e.g. amygdala, thalamus, parietal/entorhinal cortex. Comparative results with multiple animals are pending. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles could be detected in senior cats. The senile plaques were prominently colocalized with iron assuming a pathological role.Using TEM, ferritin molecules were visualized due to their electron‐dense iron core (diameter about 6 nm). Ferritin is more numerous in brain tissue of old cats and conspicuously associated with degenerating myelin.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Pathological findings in old brains are associated with increased/accumulated brain iron. QSM is able to detect regional variations in brain iron which could be a new approach in early CDS diagnosis.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-232">116</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-233">Ovarian capillary blood supply in different breeds of dairy cows</hd> <p>Juliane Rieger<sups>1</sups>; Paweł Kordowitzki<sups>2,3</sups>; Roswitha Merle<sups>4</sups>; Johanna Plendl<sups>5</sups>and Sabine Kaessmeyer<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Division of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Bern</emph>, <emph>Bern</emph>, <emph>Switzerland; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences</emph>, <emph>Olsztyn</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>3</sups>Institute for Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Nicolaus Copernicus University</emph>, <emph>Torun</emph>, <emph>Poland; <sups>4</sups>Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>5</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold>High‐producing dairy cows suffer from health and fertility problems at a young age. Vascularization plays a fundamental role in the reproductive organs and changes with aging. We hypothesize that due to the enormous milk yield of Friesian breeds they are comparable to high‐performance athletes who suffer from increased angiogenesis and premature aging.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The high‐performance breed Holstein‐Friesian (HF, <emph>n</emph> = 5) was compared to a dual‐purpose breed, the Polish Red Cattle (PR, <emph>n</emph> = 5). Ovarian tissue (zona parenchymatosa and vasculosa) was sampled at a slaughterhouse, formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded. Blood vessels were labeled via lectin‐histochemistry. Angiogenesis parameters were analysed lightmicroscopically in two areas ‐ theca folliculi of tertiary follicles and in zona parenchymatosa without functional structures: number of capillaries per area, intercapillary distance, capillary size, area of individual capillary lumina and percentage area occupied by capillaries.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> It has been shown that the larger the tertiary follicle, the stronger the vascularization. PR had larger capillaries. Distance between capillaries became smaller with increasing age. A quadratic influence of age on vascularization could be shown. Capillary area decreased first and from 70 months of age increased again. No correlation was found between the two measurement areas.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The influence of age on the area occupied by capillaries was significant but may not have any effect as it may have been biased by race or sample distribution. Since the distance between the capillaries was influenced by age, it can be assumed that there could still be an influence on vascularization.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the local ethics committee for animal experiments in Olsztyn (No. 72/2019 in the area of application 68/2019).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-234">117</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-235">Role of Connexin43 in adult male germ cells</hd> <p>Kristina Rode<sups>1</sups>; Marion Langeheine<sups>1</sups>; Bettina Seeger<sups>2</sups>; and Ralph Brehm<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hanover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hanover</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Testicular Connexin43 (Cx43) connects adjacent Sertoli cells (SC) and SC to germ cells (GC) in the seminiferous epithelium and plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis. However, distinction whether this results from impaired inter‐SC communication or between GC and SC is not possible, so far. Thus, the question arises, whether a GC‐specific Cx43 KO has similar effects on spermatogenesis as its general or SC‐specific KO.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Using the Cre/loxP recombinase system, two conditional KO mouse lines lacking Cx43 in premeiotic (pGCCx43KO) or meiotic GC (mGCCx43KO) were generated. Using hematoxylin‐eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, semi‐quantitative western blot and RT‐qPCR, testicular histology, intratubular cell numbers, Cx43 protein synthesis/localization and mRNA expression of Cx43, Cx33, and CX45 were assessed. Fertility of adult KO males was examined by mating with WT females.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Male KO mice of both mouse lines were fertile. Cx43 mRNA was significantly decreased in adult pGCCx43KO mice, while it was also reduced in mGCCx43KO mice, yet not statistically significant. mRNA expression of Cx33 and Cx45 was unchanged comparing genotypes of both mouse lines. No alterations of spermatogenesis were visible comparing KO and WT. Tubular diameter and intratubular cell numbers did not differ significantly between genotypes as well as Cx43 synthesis and localization in the basal area of the seminiferous epithelium.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> These results indicate that GC‐Cx43 does not seem to be essential for normal spermatogenesis and fertility, as it is known for Cx43 in somatic SC, but SC‐GC communication might rather occur via heterotypic GJ channels or other compensating Cx.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (reference number 33.19‐42502‐04‐17/2513).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-236">118</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-237">Changes in the bovine corpus luteum during luteolysis. An ultrastructural and immunohistochem...</hd> <p>Daniela Rodler<sups>1</sups>; Bajram Berisha<sups>2</sups>; Dieter Schams <sups>2</sups> and Fred Sinowatz <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Sciences</emph>, <emph>Ludwig‐Maximilian‐University of Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Animal Physiology</emph>, <emph>Technical University</emph>, <emph>Munich</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> At the end of a non‐fertile cycle, the bovine corpus luteum (CL) undergoes a functional and structural regression induced by prostaglandin F<subs>2a</subs> from the uterus and probably also from prostaglandins from luteal cells</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Bovine CL‐tissues (German Fleckvieh, day 13‐16, 3 animals, day 18‐19, 2 animals) were collected at a Munich abattoir. For immunohistochemical studies, the samples were fixed in Bouin´s fluid, for transmission electron microscopy in Karnovsky´s fixative. The immunohistochemical localization of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES), enzymes which are important for the production of prostaglandins in the CL from arachidonic acid, was performed by a modified ABC technique.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> In luteal tissue from d13 to d16 large (LLC) and small luteal cells (SLC) can be identified by cytoplasmic immunostaining for COX‐2 and PTGES. The dominant cell type, the LLCs, contain numerous tubular mitochondria and patches of electron dense granules. The SLCs are comparatively sparse and contain only few large granules. At the end of the cycle (d18‐19) distinct structural changes can be observed in many LLCs. Margination of nuclear chromatin and nuclear condensation was observed. LLCs also tend to fuse, which results in large syncytia. The endothelial cells of many capillaries slough off into their lumina, which were often occluded by apoptotic bodies and cellular debris.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Degenerative changes of the endothelial cells at the end of the normal cycle lead to hypoxia and apoptotic changes in the CL on day18.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-238">119</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-239">Comparison of the structural elements of the ischiorectal fossa and pudendal canal in domesti...</hd> <p>Jose R Rodriguez‐Sosa<sups>1</sups>; Margaret I Hall<sups>1</sups>; Jeffrey H Plochocki<sups>2</sups>; Brent Adrian<sups>1</sups>; and Saul Ruiz<sups>1</sups>.</p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>College of Graduate Studies</emph>, <emph>Midwestern University</emph>, <emph>Glendale</emph>, <emph>USA; <sups>2</sups>College of Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Central Florida</emph>, <emph>Orlando</emph>, <emph>USA</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Comparative anatomy provides a powerful approach to advance veterinary medicine and increasing our knowledge of variation between domestic animals. No domestic species have a fully described ischiorectal fossa (IRF) or pudendal canal (PC), which remain important elements of the pelvic and perineal regions. Treating conditions such as perineal hernias and other pathologies requires a thorough knowledge of these regions. Our aim was to compare the structural elements of the IRF and PC in several domestic mammals.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Cadaveric specimens of dogs (<emph>n</emph> = 16), goats (<emph>n</emph> = 9), pigs (<emph>n</emph> = 9), horse (<emph>n</emph> = 3), and cats (<emph>n</emph> = 3) were used in this study. For this study, we dissected the IRF and the PC and defined their structural elements.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> We found that the structural walls that form the IRF vary according to the species. Moreover, the pelvic diaphragm compresses the neurovasculature against the pelvic wall, creating the PC. In large animals, the pelvic diaphragm is a simple muscular layer with a prominent insertion on the external anal sphincter. In small animals, the diaphragm is formed by a group of muscular bundles with an additional prominent insertion on the caudal vertebrae. There is a species‐specific variation in exactly which nerves the IRF and PC contain.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Important structural differences exist in the IRF and PC of domestic animals. Moreover, the PC in these species contain different neurovascular elements. Our study represents the first thorough description of these important regions using a comparative approach.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-240">120</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-241">Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the canine terminal filament (TF)</hd> <p>Theresa Kölbel; Christoph K. W. Mülling and Nicole Röhrmann</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Leipzig University</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> This study focused on a gross‐anatomical and histological examination of the terminal filament (TF) and its attachment to the caudal spine. Literature is inconsistent concerning its size, localization of its attachment to the caudal spine and whether there is nervous tissue along its entire length. Here we report our preliminary findings.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 15 dogs euthanized for reasons not related to this study were assigned to 3 weight classes. The area of interest covered the 7<sups>th</sups> lumbar vertebra to the caudal third of the tail. The dorsal region was dissected, the vertebral arches of the caudal vertebrae were opened with a rongeur. Attachments and caudal ends of the TF were detected, documented and measured; subsequently, length of tail, individual caudal vertebrae and spine were measured. Selected samples were processed and examined microscopically.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> In weight class 1, the end of the TF was found more caudal with increasing body mass. This tendency could not be confirmed in the other 2 groups. However, across all weight classes, in 12 of 15 dogs the attachment was found between the 5<sups>th</sups> and 6<sups>th</sups> caudal vertebra. Interestingly, in one sample, histological staining confirmed the presence of nervous tissue at the attachment site.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> These results demonstrate that the TF definitely extends up to the first third of a dog's tail. Furthermore, there is evidence of nervous tissue reaching up to its end which is critical in terms of tail amputation and breed‐characteristic short tails. Further studies are in progress to substantiate these preliminary findings.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were submitted for ethical review to the ethics committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Leipzig University.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-242">121</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-243">Histological characteristics of the equine dental pulp</hd> <p>Jessica Roßgardt; Laura Heilen; Carsten Staszyk</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Veterinary‐Anatomy</emph>, <emph>‐Histology and –Embryology</emph>, <emph>Justus Liebig University</emph>, <emph>Gießen</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> A stratigraphic microscopic morphology is established in the crown pulp of brachydont teeth, suggesting that the stratigraphic organization of distinct zones indicates a mature and less active status of the pulp. There are no microscopic descriptions of the pulp of equine teeth, which allow a comparative analysis of the pulp morphology with regard to the special functional requirements of the equine hypsodont tooth, in terms of the continued production of large amounts of subocclusal dentin.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Incisors and molars were obtained from eight adult horses and five foals (aged two days pre‐parturition to 24 years), which were euthanized on medical grounds. Horizontal sections were taken with a diamond‐coated saw, decalcified in buffered EDTA‐solution and were subsequently stained with toluidine blue and/or immunhistochemical staining techniques were applied to detect neuronal and blood vascular structures.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The peripheral layer of odontoblast was followed by a layer of densely packed fibroblastic cells, a subodontoblastic capillary plexus as well as a high concentration of single nerve fibres. Large blood vessels (diameter >100 µm) and bundled nerve trunks were present in the central aspect of the pulp.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The typical formation of distinct zones as described in the brachydont crown pulp is absent in the equine pulp. The subodontoblastic arrangement of fibroblastic cells, blood vessels and nerve fibres in the equine pulp reflects a highly active status, which presumably accounts for the required subocclusal dentin production.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-244">122</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-245">Gross and histopathological changes caused by non‐biodegradable foreign bodies in the rumen o...</hd> <p>Rouabah Zahra; Tlidjane Madjid; Mallem Mouna; Hafid Nadia</p> <p> <emph>Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Hadj Lakhder Batna‐1‐, Algeria</emph> </p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The present study was conducted to evaluate the gross and histopathological changes caused by the presence of non‐biodegradable foreign bodies (plastic bags) in the rumen‐reticulum of cattle.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> To identify this problem we conducted this study at slaughterhouse on a total of 212 cattle without any previous selection. After slaughter and draining of the rumen, foreign bodies and macroscopic lesions were investigated, and rumen samples were taken for histopathological examination.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Gross examination of the rumen‐reticulum with non‐biodegradable foreign bodies revealed congestion, hemorrhage, stunting, sagging, atrophy and thinning of the papillae have been observed. Areas of erosion and ulceration were also observed in the rumen‐ reticulum of all cattle harboring a large quantity of plastic bags. Ulcerations and nodular formations were also present. The rumen‐reticulum wall was thinner than normal and has a light mottled wall and compressed papillae. The histopathological examination revealed a wide variety of lesions. We observed especially lesions of fragmentary or segmental ruptures, destruction, necrosis, degeneration and focal hyperplasia of the keratinized epithelium. The papillae are shortened, enlarged, atrophied, folded and compressed. The length of the taste buds was reduced.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> These observed histopathological changes can be attributed to mechanical irritation induced by plastic bags or released chemicals by these non‐biodegradable foreign bodies</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-246">123</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-247">Characterization of digital cushions with respect to impacts of lameness during the animals l...</hd> <p>James. P. Wilson<sups>1</sups>; Martin. J. Green<sups>1</sups>; Laura. V. Randall<sups>1</sups>; Aziza. Alibhai<sups>1</sups>; Nicola. J. Bollard<sups>1</sups>; Holly. J. Ferguson<sups>2</sups>; Jon. N. Huxley<sups>3</sups>; Catrin.S.Rutland<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>University of Nottingham</emph>, <emph>School of Veterinary Medicine and Science</emph>, <emph>Sutton Bonington Campus</emph>, <emph>Leicestershire</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom</emph>, <emph>LE12 5RD; <sups>2</sups>Scotland's Rural College (SRUC)</emph>, <emph>Peter Wilson Building</emph>, <emph>Kings Buildings</emph>, <emph>West Mains Road</emph>, <emph>Edinburgh</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom</emph>, <emph>EH9 3JG; <sups>3</sups>Massey University</emph>, <emph>School of Veterinary Science</emph>, <emph>Private Bag 11 222</emph>, <emph>Palmerston North</emph>, <emph>4474</emph>, <emph>New Zealand</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Previous research has reported that lameness in dairy cattle is associated with pathological change to distal limb anatomy, this may predispose the cow to subsequent lameness events. However, the impacts of lameness events on the histology of the digital cushion remain unknown. These studies aimed to characterize the digital cushion with the use of MRI and histopathological techniques to investigate associations between lameness, and digital cushion structure.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The hind feet 143 cull animals were collected MRI scanned. Animal level data including weekly mobility scores were collected for the animal's productive life. The hind feet of animals with a lameness score 14 days prior to slaughter were selected for histopathological analysis. Multivariate linear regression models explored associations between the animal variables and the structure of the digital cushion at the time of cull.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> 57 animals were analysed for the digital cushion volume outcome and 56 were analysed for the histopathological outcomes. Within this population of animals, there was substantial variation in the structure of the digital cushion both in terms of volume and histological outcomes. Previous lameness had an impact on the structure of the digital cushion at slaughter.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Lameness, particularly that relating to claw horn disruption lesions (CHDLs), was associated with a reduced volume of digital cushion and changes to collagen structure at the point of cull. Further research is required to establish the mechanism and establish causality through which this association occurs to further the understanding of the pathogenesis of the CHDLs.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee at The University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science [1913 161208].</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-248">124</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-249">Anatomical Evaluation of Femur in Saara loricata</hd> <p>Omid Zehtabvar <sups>1</sups>; Fahimeh Salarvand<sups>2</sups> ; Sasan Eshghi <sups>3</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Basic Sciences</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Tehran</emph>, <emph>Tehran</emph>, <emph>Iran; <sups>2</sups>DVM Student</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Islamic Azad University</emph>, <emph>Shahrekord Branch</emph>, <emph>Shahrekord</emph>, <emph>Iran; <sups>3</sups>Veterinarian (DVM)</emph>, <emph>Shahrekord</emph>, <emph>Iran</emph></p> <p> <emph>Saara</emph> <emph>loricata</emph> is a rare species that lives on the ground and is the only herbivorous lizard in Iran. Not many studies have been done on the bone structure of this species. This study was performed to investigate the anatomical features of the bones of femur. In this study, bones of a <emph>Saara loricata</emph> sample, prepared by conventional bone separation methods.</p> <p>The proximal aspect of the femur consists of a head and neck, and two bony processes the Greater and lesser trochanters. There are also two bony ridges connecting the two trochanters; The intertrochanteric line anteriorly and the trochanteric crest posteriorly. The growth plate is not closed in both the proximal and distal, which indicates that the <emph>Saraa Loricata</emph> was growing. In the distal Femur there are two condyles that connect the Tibia and the Fibula bone. Between the two condyles, there is a space called the Intercondyloid fossa.</p> <p> <emph>Saara loricata</emph> has differences and similarities to <emph>Iguana iguana</emph> and <emph>Lanthanotus borneensis</emph>. <emph>Saara loricata</emph> condyles are more distinct. There is a third trochanter in <emph>Saara loricata</emph> but there isn't in <emph>Lanthanotus borneensis</emph>. Intercondyloid fossa is the same as others.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-250">125</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-251">Cranial asymmetry, elliptical Fourier descriptors of foramen magnum and modularity in African...</hd> <p>Michael Samuel<sups>1</sups>; Mayowa Igado<sups>2,4</sups>; Joan Adekanmbi<sups>3,4</sups></p> <p> <bold> <emph> <sups>1</sups> </emph> </bold> <emph>Department of Veterinary Anatomy Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria (</emph>walesamuel10@gmail.com<emph>)</emph>; <bold><emph><sups>2</sups></emph></bold><emph>Department of Veterinary Anatomy University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; <sups>3</sups>Department of Anatomy College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; <sups>4</sups>These authors contributed equally in the preparation of this manuscript</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> We present a first tripartite study attempt at skull characterization of the African Small Pangolin of the Boreoeutheria and sub‐family Phatagininae to emphasize developmental trend in ontogeny.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Forty individual skulls from different locations and ages were digitally processed and foramen magnum chain coded. Allometric trajectory, foramen magnum shape variations as well as modularity hypotheses were tested with geometric and Elliptical Fourier analyses methods</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> A regression of log‐transformed centroid size and asymmetric components suggested significant expression of asymmetry through ontogeny (<emph>p</emph> ˂ 0.03) with size accounting for 81.34% of asymmetric shape changes, a multivariate analysis of regression confirmed directional asymmetry but low significance (<emph>p</emph> ˂ 0.5) of fluctuating asymmetry (F<subs>1539</subs> = 3.4045, F<subs>882</subs> = 3.2665) for dorsal and ventral views respectively. Intraspecific allometric ontogenetic trajectories revealed a rostro‐caudal, then a caudo‐lateral directional growth. Allometric trajectories were observed in Mahalanobis distances between centroids (2.42) after size normalization and significant at <emph>p </emph>˂ 0.01, variance‐covariance matrix along ontogenetic lines was between 0.0017 and 0.56. Incremental harmonics demonstrated morphological contributions of foramen magnum outline descriptors. Foramen development revealed clear details of architecture of contour morphology, first 4 effective Principal components defined 96.98% of its shape properties while the rest (3.02%) constituted fine details, Modulation PCA: of Covariance Matrix and Asymmetry component was 88.38% and 7.48% (PC1 and 2 respectively) variance,% predicted: 10.08%.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The study concludes a demonstrated developmental instability and handedness as well foramen magnum asymmetries in the species.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-252">126</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-253">Morphological and immunohistochemical study of the vomeronasal organ of the fossorial water v...</hd> <p>Sara Ruiz‐Rubio; Irene Ortiz‐Leal; Mateo Vázquez‐Torres; and Pablo Sánchez‐Quinteiro</p> <p> <emph>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences. Faculty of Veterinary</emph>, <emph>University of Santiago de Compostela</emph>, <emph>27002 Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The mole rat, <emph>Arvicola scherman</emph>, is a species belonging to the Order Rodentia and the Family Muridae. It is an herbivorous animal that feeds primarily on roots and whose reproductive season ranges from the beginning of spring to autumn, or sometimes into the winter months, depending on the area. For this reason, its extension to grasslands has made it an endemic pest that, from deep galleries, causes great damage to crops, meadows and forage production. The use of cairomones and alarm pheromones constitutes a very promising control method. The study of the morphofunctional bases of the mole rat vomeronasal system, hitherto unpublished, is an obligatory first step towards applying the possibilities offered by chemical communication to fight this plague.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study has been carried out mainly at microscopic level, with two types of approach: histological, by means of the realization of serial sections stained with diverse stainings (hematoxylin‐Eosin; Alcian Blue, PAS) and immunohistochemical, applying diverse markers that provide valuable morphofunctional and structural information.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> These procedures have allowed us to determine in the <emph>Arvicola scherman</emph> the presence of a functional vomeronasal organ with a high degree of differentiation and a remarkable expression of cellular markers. All this is indicative of the relevant role played by chemical communication in this fossorial species.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This morphological and immunohistochemical study of the mole rat vomeronasal system fills a gap in our knowledge of the vomeronasal system of fossorial rodents.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-254">127</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-255">Implementation of an instructive prelimary study for a validation trial of hoof measurements</hd> <p>Lina Sellke<sups>1</sups>; Bianca Patan‐Zugai<sups>1</sups>; Eberhard Ludewig<sups>2</sups> and Kirsti Witter <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Department of Pathobiology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria; <sups>2</sups>Clinical Unit Diagnostic Imaging</emph>, <emph>Department/University Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Preliminary studies verify the study concept, ensure validity and determine sample size. The aim of our study was to develop a workflow for hoof morphometry using radiography, computed tomography (CT), scaled photographs, photogrammetry, the MicroScribe tool and direct measurements. This study simulated the main study in detail, providing space for making as many mistakes as possible and thus preventing loss of time, money and nerves when working with the real specimens.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A tasks list for the study was designed, including documentation and communication between co‐workers. The complete process was tested repeatedly using two hooves not included in the main study.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> For every technique, a standard operating procedure was developed. Main stumbling blocks were: (i) The mounting construction for fixing hooves has to be firm but not rigid, allowing for returning to the original position after inadvertent manipulation. (ii) For efficient measuring, an intuitive sequence of measurements has to be established. (iii) CT series and radiographs must be obtained the same day to avoid repeated thawing and freezing. (iv) CT series have to be obtained before radiographs, since barium sulfate markers used for X‐rays impede CT examination. (v) Intra‐observer variability was high for some CT measurements. These should be taken repeatedly.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The pilot study took longer than expected but allows justifying the study design and provides a complete Material and Method chapter for upcoming publications. Simple decisions such as the sequence of tasks may present unpleasant surprises in the main study if not tested before.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-256">128</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-257">3D modelling technique in the study of lingual papillae in birds and mammals</hd> <p>Kinga Skieresz‐Szewczyk; Hanna Jackowiak; Barbara Plewa</p> <p> <emph>Department of Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Poznan University of Life Sciences Institute</emph>, <emph>Poland</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Nowadays, LM and SEM methods are used to conduct study on distribution and microstructural analysis of shapes of lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores (CTCs), as well as number of taste buds. Such analyses seem to be insufficient due to observations of only several cross‐sections in LM and surface of papillae in SEM, where taste pores are covered by exfoliated cells. Therefore, for the first time, we aimed to apply a 3D technique into detailed, microstructural studies of the lingual papillae in birds and mammals.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Paraffin blocks of lingual papillae were serially cut at 8 µm. Histological slides were stained with Masson‐Goldner trichrome and documented in Axioscope2plus microscope. 3D reconstructions were rendered in AMIRA software.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> 3D reconstructions of lingual papillae allowed for both spatial analysis in different axes and 2D observations on cross‐sections of particular microstructures of selected papillae.</p> <p>3D research of mechanical papillae precisely described the shape as well as the detailed structure of the epithelium, CTCs, and the microvascular system. Results obtained from 3D models of gustatory papillae were characterized by varied shapes of CTCs and so far undescribed patterns of distribution and accurate number of taste buds.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> To sum up, 3D models of lingual papillae could be alternative for SEM analysis presenting their microstructure in mammals and birds. Meanwhile, in our opinion, 3D technique is the most efficient tool to visualised arrangement of taste buds and their exact number in the gustatory papillae.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-258">129</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-259">Cytomorphological characteristics of European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) blood cells</hd> <p>Nikolina Škvorc<sups>1</sups>; Lucija Bastiančić<sups>1</sups>; Snježana Kužir<sups>1</sups>; Dean Konjević<sups>1</sups>; Nikica Šprem <sups>2</sups> and Miljenko Bujanić <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia; <sups>2</sups>Faculty of Agriculture</emph>, <emph>University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The European mouflon was imported to Croatia from Corsica and Sardinia at the beginning of the 20th century, but its true origin still remains unclear. Data on the morphology of mouflon blood cells are rarely available in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present cytomorphological characteristics of mouflon blood cells.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> During the clinical examination of 10 apparently healthy mouflons, blood samples were collected directly from the jugular vein. Blood smears were prepared immediately and later stained with the May‐Grünwald Giemsa stain. The cells were studied by light microscopy, measured using Cell B software (Olympus), and analyzed in Statistica 12.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The erythrocytes were anucleated and measured 4.63 ± 0.54 µm in size. Neutrophils were 9.93 ± 1.17 µm in diameter with the nucleus comprised of 3 to 6 lobes. Eosinophils were 12.60 ± 1.65 µm in size, 2 to 4 lobes of the nucleus, cytoplasm fulfilled with round, and red granules. Basophils were measured 12.15 ± 1.23 µm in diameter and contained variable number of round, blue to purple granules in the cytoplasm. Small‐sized lymphocytes were 8.65 ± 1.12 µm, medium‐sized lymphocytes 11.19 ± 0.77 µm and large‐sized lymphocytes 13.98 ± 0.57 µm. Monocytes were 13.30 ± 1.16 µm in diameter, and their nucleus was C‐shaped. Platelets were anucleated fragments, 2.29 ± 0.61 µm in size.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Comparing the obtained data with those available for sheep blood cells, the size of mouflon erythrocytes, small and medium lymphocytes is similar to that in sheep. Mouflon neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, large lymphocytes, and monocytes are smaller than those in sheepAll husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Bioethical Committee for the Protection and Welfare of Animals of the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture (No: 251‐71‐29‐02/19‐21‐1).</p> <hd1 id="AN0154460215-260">Acknowledgements</hd1> <p>This study was funded by the Croatian Science Foundation, Project IP‐2019‐04‐4096, "The role of hunting related activities in the range expansion of recently established wild ungulate populations in the Mediterranean".</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-261">130</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-262">Analysis of Superficial Anatomy of the Painted Horse and lion in "A lion attacking a horse"</hd> <p>Omid Zehtabvar<sups>1</sups>; Parham Soufizadeh<sups>2</sups>; Maryam Shahverdi <sups>2</sups> and Seed Hossein Modarres<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Basic Sciences</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Tehran</emph>, <emph>Tehran</emph>, <emph>Iran; <sups>2</sups>Student of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Tehran</emph>, <emph>Tehran</emph>, <emph>Iran</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> This article is a survey on superficial anatomy of the two animals appear in "A lion attacking a horse". This artwork created by George Stubbs.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> To analyze the superficial anatomy of these animals, we did a comparison with veterinary anatomy atlases. Also, physical models and cadavers available in department of anatomy and embryology of Tehran faculty of veterinary medicine were used.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Horse: The superficial muscles and vessels in all areas of the body are well stretched. In the face, facial vessels and cheek muscles, lips and mouth are well drawn. Of course, the orbicularis oculi muscle appears to be slightly larger than normal, and so does the tongue. The remarkable thing about the anterior limb is that the muscles in both the lateral and medial regions are determined. This condition can be attributed to the skill of the painter. The gluteal muscle is slightly more prominent due to the position of the lion's foot on it. The most noticeable thing in the posterior limb is the vessels in this area. The posterior surface of one of the hooves has also been identified, which appears to have typical anatomical feature. lion: The characteristics of the drawn lion seem a bit unusual. The face of the lion and its large and disproportionate legs are among these problems.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Overall it is concluded that the painter has a great proficiency in painting the horse in this artwork; while there is less accuracy seen in the lion's anatomy.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-263">131</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-264">Effects of Connexin43 loss on three‐dimensional Sertoli cell nuclear ultrastructure</hd> <p>Sarah Staggenborg<sups>1</sups>; Rüdiger Koch<sups>1</sups>; Kristina Rode<sups>1</sups>; Gudrun Wirth<sups>1</sups>; Marion Langeheine<sups>1</sups>; Ines Blume<sups>1</sups>; Louiza Tiedje<sups>1</sups>; Kerstin Rohn<sups>2</sups>; Christoph Wrede<sups>3</sups>; Christiane Pfarrer<sups>1</sups> and Ralph Brehm<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Pathology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</emph>, <emph>Foundation</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy</emph>, <emph>Hannover Medical School</emph>, <emph>Hannover</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The gap junction protein Connexin43 (Cx43) plays a crucial role in testicular intercellular communication. Using Sertoli cell (SC) specific Cx43 knockout (KO) mice, its importance for SC maturation has been demonstrated, as male mutants are infertile, with an intermediate SC phenotype. Adult SC nuclei (SCN) display unique features: a large diameter, indentations of the nuclear envelope and a tripartite nucleolus. While SC nuclear morphology has been well examined and described in two‐dimensional level, the questions arises, which role Cx43 plays for SC three‐dimensional nuclear ultrastructure.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Using the Cre/loxP recombinase system, transgenic KO mice lacking Cx43 in SC were generated. After fixation, samples of adult KO (<emph>n</emph> = 3) and wild type (WT, <emph>n</emph> = 3) mice were stained en‐bloc and resin embedded. Image stacks were acquired by serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy (SBF‐SEM) and were processed, reconstructed and analyzed with Microscopy Image Browser. Assessment criteria were nuclear shape and size, heterochromatin distribution plus SC‐localization within the seminiferous tubule.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> SCN of WT mice showed less indentations of the nuclear envelope as expected. In contrast, these clefts were more numerous and deeper in SCN of KO mice. In mutants, the most obvious alterations occurred in SCN of adluminal located SC‐clusters, including polygonal‐shaped, small nuclei and changes in heterochromatin distribution.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Present results emphasize, that Cx43 seems to have impact on SC ultrastructure, especially on nuclear morphology. Functional significance and effects of SC‐specific Cx43 loss on other organelles remain to be investigated.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety ([33.19‐42502‐05‐16A017]).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-265">132</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-266">Morphology of the lymphatic pathways to the sentinel lymph nodes of mammary carcinomas in fem...</hd> <p>Florin Stan<sups>1</sups>; Alexandru Gudea<sups>1</sups>; Cristian Dezdrobitu<sups>1</sups>; Adrian Gal<sups>1</sups>; Ionel Papuc<sups>1</sups>; Aurel Damian<sups>1</sups>; Ioana Chirilean<sups>1</sups>; Alexandra Irimie<sups>1</sups>; Irina Roman<sups>1</sups>; Marius Pentea<sups>2</sups>; Cristian Martonos<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Cluj Napoca</emph>, <emph>Romania ; <sups>2</sups>Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Timisoara</emph>, <emph>Romania</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The morphology of the lymphatic pathways draining mammary gland carcinomas in bitches is insufficiently studied. The aim of the research is to establish whether there are correlations between the type of lymphatic route, the identification of a specific sentinel lymph node and its type ‐ metastatic or unaffected.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A prospective study was conducted including 21 female dogs, diagnosed with carcinomas of the cranial thoracic and abdominal mammary glands, histopathologically confirmed by biopsy. The dye and ultrasound contrast agent were injected peritumorally, subcutaneously in four points. On ultrasound, the progression of the contrast agent towards to the sentinel lymph node (SLN) was monitored in the real‐time pulse sequencing mode, followed by stratigraphic dissection. The SLN was histopathological examined.</p> <p> <bold>Results</bold>: Both methods identified lymphatic vessels as linear structures, well defined in their path to SLN. Peritumorally, a dense network of small lymphatic vessels was present. They performed numerous anastomoses to form the afferent lymphatic vessels. Two types of pathways were visualized: superficial SLPs (superficial lymphatic pathways) and a deep route PLPs (profound lymphatic pathways). Both types of lymphatic vessels were present in most subjects. In the case of inguinal mammary gland tumors, SLPs predominated. In 15 subjects who metastasized to SLNs, SLPs realized a rich collateral lymphatic circulation. There were no significant differences between the two methods in terms of identifying SLNs.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a feasible method for accurately identifying SLNs. Collateral lymphatic circulation is predictive for the presence of metastases in SLNs.</p> <p>All experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj Napoca (no. of approval ‐1215/21/2020). The authors certify that their work complies with the ethical guidelines for human and animal research.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-267">133</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-268">Hypersensitivity of feline sodium channel contributes to permethrin intoxication in cats</hd> <p>Ana Stojiljković<sups>1</sups>; Michael H. Stoffel<sups>1</sups>; Jasmin Bluteau <sups>1</sups> and Angelika Lampert <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Division of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Bern</emph>, <emph>Bern</emph>, <emph>Switzerland; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Physiology</emph>, <emph>Uniklinik RWTH Aachen</emph>, <emph>Aachen</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Permethrin is a commonly used insecticide. Its action is based on the binding to voltage‐gated sodium channels (Na<subs>v</subs>s) and inhibition of their inactivation. Irrespective of the known sensitivity of cats to permethrin, little is known about Na<subs>v</subs>s in this species. Currently, the treatment of intoxicated cats remains symptomatic and often fails to prevent a fatal outcome.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The electrophysiological properties of the human and cat sodium channel isoform Nav1.7 were assessed in heterologous expression systems (in HEK293 cells) by whole‐cell voltage‐clamp in the absence or presence of permethrin. Measurements included voltage dependency of Na<subs>v</subs> activation, persistent currents and decay of fast inactivation. Data were analyzed with a <emph>t</emph>‐test (alpha level = 0.05, sample size ≥ 10).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Without permethrin, persistent currents in the cat Nav1.7 were twice as high as in the human Na<subs>v</subs>1.7 (Ø human 2.5% ± 1.0%, Ø cat 5.0 % ± 2.4%, <emph>p </emph>= 0.003). Human Na<subs>v</subs>1.7 remained completely unaffected by 10 µM permethrin. In contrast, persistent currents significantly increased in the cat Na<subs>v</subs>1.7 when subjected to the same concentration (Ø cat control 5.0 % ± 2.4%, Ø cat permethrin 14.2% ± 9.6%, <emph>p </emph>< 0.0001), and the slow component of the inactivation decay was significantly higher.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our results suggest a new cause for permethrin hypersensitivity in cats aside from biotransformation. Higher sensitivity of the cat Na<subs>v</subs>s to pyrethroids can be traced back to the channel's peculiar electrophysiological properties. These findings will pave the way to new, specific therapies (antidote).</p> <p>For this <emph>in vitro</emph> study, no animal research was involved.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-269">134</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-270">Modelling canine pain in the dish: Differentiating canine stem cells towards nociceptive neur...</hd> <p>Ana Stojiljković<sups>1</sups>; Michael H. Stoffel<sups>1</sups>; Angelika Lampert<sups>2</sups>; Davide Danovi<sups>3</sups>; Ruchi Sharma<sups>4</sups> and Jasmin Bluteau <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Division of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Vetsuisse Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Bern</emph>, <emph>Bern</emph>, <emph>Switzerland; <sups>2</sups>Institute of Physiology</emph>, <emph>Uniklinik RTWH Aachen</emph>, <emph>Aachen</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>HipSci Phenotyping</emph>, <emph>Centre for Stem cells & Regernative Medicine</emph>, <emph>King's College London</emph>, <emph>London</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom; <sups>4</sups>Stemnovate Limited UK</emph>, <emph>Cambridge</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Over the last decade, human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been established and differentiated towards nociceptive neurons, thus providing a model to study human pain <emph>in vitro</emph>. Unfortunately, this is not the case for their canine equivalents. The goal of this study was to generate a canine model by reprogramming canine primary cells towards canine iPSCs (ciPSCs) and differentiating them towards nociceptive neurons.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Canine primary cells were reprogrammed to ciPSCs using the episomal approach. The ciPSCs were characterized, and optimal culture conditions were defined by assessing the impact of different media and plate coatings on cell proliferation and stemness. Data were collected by High‐content analysis (INCell Analyzer 2000, GE Healthcare). Furthermore, the efficacy of the human differentiation protocol was tested on ciPSCs and qualitatively assessed as based on morphology, PCR and immunostaining.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The ciPSCs expressed pluripotency genes (Oct4, Sox2, KLF and c‐Myc) on both the RNA and protein levels. Different coatings showed a weak effect on proliferation and stemness of ciPSCs. After undergoing to the differentiation protocol (Chambers et al. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 715‐20), a number of ciPSCs expressed neuronal markers such as class III beta tubulin (Tuj‐1). They developed a neuronal morphology and organized themselves into a network similar to the one observed with hiPSCs. However, not all the differentiation criteria were met so far.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In conclusion, interspecies differences constrain the transfer of differentiation protocols and additional factors are needed to establish neuronal <emph>in vitro</emph> models for companion animals.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-271">135</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-272">A case of pseudohermaphrodite in cattle – one of the twins had female and male genital organs</hd> <p>Malan Štrbenc<sups>1</sups>; Jožica Ježek<sups>2</sups>; Marko Cotman<sups>1</sups>; Jana Brankovič<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of preclinical sciences</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia ; <sups>2</sups>Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals</emph>, <emph>Veterinary Faculty</emph>, <emph>University of Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Ljubljana</emph>, <emph>Slovenia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> A case of a 15‐month‐old crossbreed cattle was presented to the anatomy department. The calf had a normal twin brother and grew normally until 14 months of age when it was treated for urinary retention. After one month, it was sent for regular slaughter and the attending veterinarian was curious about its sex and the reason for the dysuria.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The external genital organs were collected from the slaughterhouse. Abdominal wall from anus to prepuce was examined, samples were collected for histology and SRY and amelogenin gene analysis. The official veterinarian of the slaughterhouse sent us photos of the uterus with ovaries.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The animal had a caudally displaced prepuce. The scrotum was empty, the testes were partially descended and 5 cm long ‐ seminiferous tubules were underdeveloped without germ cells. Penis was shorter and tortuous in its course; corpus spongiosum and urethra were short and straight, corpora cavernosa twisted dorsally with 4 packed coils. Glans penis exhibited a wide persistent frenulum. Male accessory glands and ductus deferentes appeared normal. Photographs showed normally developed uterus with functional ovaries ‐ corpus haemorrhagicum and tertiary follicle. The vagina ended up blind and vulva was not developed. PCR of amelogenin and SRY genes partially confirmed presence of both sexes.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Although very rare in cattle, this case represents a pseudohermaphrodite; the female gonads were functional. We hypothesize that the cavernous bodies of the penis increased in length and/or diameter at puberty, compressing the short urethra and causing difficulty in urination.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-273">136</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-274">Macrophage depletion reduces angiogenesis in the ex ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay</hd> <p>Hanna Tay<sups>1</sups>; Charis Du Cheyne<sups>1</sups>; Kristel Demeyere<sups>2</sups>; Jurgen De Craene<sups>1</sups>; Lobke De Bels<sups>1</sups>; Evelyne Meyer<sups>2</sups>; Andries Zijlstra<sups>3</sups>; Ward De Spiegelaere<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>2</sups>Department of Pharmacology</emph>, <emph>Toxicology and Biochemistry</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>3</sups>Department of Pathology</emph>, <emph>Microbiology and Immunology</emph>, <emph>Vanderbilt University Medical Center</emph>, <emph>Nashville</emph>, <emph>USA</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Macrophages play a role in various biological processes including angiogenesis. Models such as the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay are frequently used to study blood vessel development, but little is known on the role of chicken embryonic macrophages in angiogenesis. We therefore aimed to investigate the angiogenic role of these macrophages by means of their depletion in the CAM model.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> After 2.5 days of incubation, chicken eggs were opened into a weigh boat and the embryos were further incubated at 37.8°C and 80% humidity. To deplete macrophages, 25 µl clodronate liposomes (CL) was injected intravenously in the CAM after 8.5 days of total incubation. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry previously confirmed that injection with CL significantly reduced macrophages in the chicken embryo.</p> <p>To monitor angiogenesis, both plain collagen type I plugs and plugs containing angiogenic cells were placed on the CAM immediately after injection of liposomes (n = 58). Plugs were placed on a mesh to allow quantification of angiogenesis. After 3 additional days of incubation, images of the plugs were taken using a stereomicroscope. Angiogenesis was quantified as the percentage of squares in the mesh which contained blood vessels.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The vascular ingrowth in both plain (<emph>p </emph>< 0.0001) and angiogenic (<emph>p </emph>< 0.001) plugs was significantly lower in macrophage‐depleted embryos compared to control embryos.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results suggest that endogenous chicken macrophages have a direct role in the vascularization of collagen plugs and are thus involved in blood vessel development.</p> <p>According to Belgian law (original law: 14th of August 1986 which handles animal protection and welfare, last modified and implemented by the Royal Decree of 29 May 2013) avian embryos are not specified as laboratory animals. Therefore, the experiments in this study did not require the approval of the local Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of Ghent University.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-275">137</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-276">Neuroanatomical comparative study of the main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulbs in Su...</hd> <p>Mateo V. Torres<sups>1</sups>; Irene Ortiz‐Leal<sups>1</sups>; Carmen Barreiro‐Lamas<sups>1</sups>; José L. Rois<sups>2</sups>; Andrea Ferreiro<sups>2</sups>; Pablo Sánchez‐Quinteiro<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences. Faculty of Veterinary. University of Santiago de Compostela. Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>2</sups>Marcelle Nature Park</emph>, <emph>Outeiro de Rei</emph>, <emph>Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In mammals, the development of the vomeronasal system (VNS) varies remarkably depending on the role that the different sensory organs of the animal play in its socio‐sexual behavior. Even between two close families as canids and felids are notable differences. For this reason and due to the little information on this species, we study the VNS of the meerkat (<emph>Suricata suricatta</emph>); a herpestid carnivore with a marked social hierarchy, which in the past was ambiguously located both in the group of canids and in that of felids, being currently considered a feliform.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Microdissection techniques were used to extract the brain with intact olfactory bulbs from two adult meerkats. The resulting sections were subjected to hematoxylin‐eosin and Nissl stains, histochemical labeling (UEA, LEA) and immunohistochemical markers (Gαo, Gαi2, Calretinin, Calbindin, OMP, GFAP, MAP2, SMI‐32 and GAP‐43).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Microscopically, the meerkat's AOB shows a lamination pattern more defined that the dog's, approaching that described in cats, with a good definition of the glomerula, a wide mitral‐plexiform layer with scattered main cells and clustered granular cells organized in clusters. The degree of lamination and development of the MOB is comparable to the general pattern of mammals, although the use of calcium‐binding proteins allows discriminating the presence of glomerular subpopulations.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our study allows us to conclude the functionality of the meerkat AOB and show its chemosensory specialization in detection of pheromones identified by the V1R vomeronasal receptor family, as well as the deterioration of the V2R receptor family.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-277">138</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-278">Histological features of the female internal reproductive organs of the Oryx (Oryx leucoryx)</hd> <p>K.E. Beth Townsend; Saul Ruiz; Jose R Rodriguez‐Sosa</p> <p> <emph>College of Graduate Studies</emph>, <emph>Midwestern University</emph>, <emph>Glendale</emph>, <emph>USA</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The Arabian oryx has been listed as a vulnerable species. Its conservation and propagation are aided with the deep knowledge of the anatomy of the reproductive system. Nowadays, there is a description of the gross anatomy of this system, but not on its microanatomy. We hypothesized that the histological features of the internal reproductive organs of the female oryx are similar to the ones observed in domestic ruminants.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina were collected at necropsy of an adult (6‐year‐old) female oryx and immersed in 4% buffered formalin. Representative samples from each organ were taken and processed for routine histology. Tissue sections of 5 µm were mounted, stained with H&E, and evaluated under light microscope.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The ovaries (16 mm in length) are covered by the germinal epithelium. Underneath, the tunica albuginea is present. The cortical stroma merges with the medulla and embeds follicles at several stages of development and a corpus luteum. A rich bed of blood vessels of several sizes are present in the medulla. The uterine tubes (80 mm in length) are muscular ducts, which are comprised of a serosa, muscularis, lamina propria, and epithelium. The muscularis is mainly constituted of circular smooth muscle covered by a thin layer of longitudinal fibers. The mucosa has longitudinal folds and is made of a pseudostratified epithelium with ciliated and non‐ciliated cells. The bicornuate uterus lacks a body and each horn opens in a cervix. The uterine horns (140 mm in length) are made of a serosa, muscularis, lamina propria, and mucosa. The muscularis contains two layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal one. The mucosa is lined by a pseudostratified epithelium. The mucosa of each cervix contains four dense rings lined by longitudinal folds made of a stratified squamous epithelium. The vaginal wall is made of a serosa (cranial region) or adventitia (caudal region), muscularis, lamina propria and mucosa. The inner layer of the muscularis consisted of circular smooth muscle fibers enclosed by longitudinal fibers. The mucosa is made of stratified squamous epithelium.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The histological features of the internal reproductive organs of the female oryx are similar to those of domestic ruminants.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-279">139</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-280">Mast cells presence in the initial part of porcine auditory tube</hd> <p>Nikolay Tsandev and Angel Vodenicharov</p> <p> <emph>Department of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Trakia University</emph>, <emph>6000 Stara Zagora</emph>, <emph>Bulgaria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The initial part of the auditory tube is a transition between pharyngeal cavity and the middle ear. The increasing importance of domestic pig as the most suitable human model for medicobiological and transplantation studies motivated the present study aimed at determining the distribution of mast cells in that part of the tube.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The pharyngeal tube parts of 12 head halves of 6 (3 males and 3 females) 95 – 110 kg b.w., 6 months old pigs, slaughtered for meat consumption in accordance with Bulgarian legislation were cut and immediately fixed in Carnoy's liquid for 4 hours. After embedding in paraffin section of 5 – 6 µm were prepared on Leica – RM 2245 semi‐automatically microtome and stained with 0.1 toluidine blue in McIlvane buffer, pH 3.0.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The light microscopic observation demonstrated that the majority of mast cells were located close to small blood vessels, next to/or into adventitia, as well as to capillaries' wall. Almost all detected mast cells showed well expressed gamma metachromasia. The shape of nucleated cells was mostly oval with size typical for this species– between 11 – 13 µm in length, and 6 – 8 µm in width. No mast cells were found into the muscular sheet of the vascular wall.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The original results give reason to presume that in that important part of pig auditory tube, mast cells were most probably actively involved in maintenance of the local microenvironment and in the function of the auditory tube in general.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-281">140</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-282">Effects of a Deletion of Connexin43 in Somatic Sertoli Cells on Intermediate Filament Synthes...</hd> <p>Mareike Ueffing; Kristina Rode; Marion Langeheine; Ralph Brehm</p> <p> <emph>Institute of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover</emph>, <emph>Hanover</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The Keratins 8, 18 and 19 are expressed in fetal murine Sertoli cells (SC) and in seminiferous tubules of men with spermatogenic impairment such as spermatogenic arrest or SC only syndrome while adult salubrious SC solely express intermediate filaments of the vimentin type. A SC‐specific knockout of the gap‐junction protein Connexin43 (SCCx43KO) in mice also leads to an arrest of spermatogenesis and to SC with immature or abnormal features. A keratin expression of those SC would display dedifferentiation or immaturity and therefore hint on the causation of the histological phenotype and SC dysfunction seen in SCCx43KO.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Using the Cre/loxP recombinase system SCCx43KO mice were generated. PCR genotyping confirmed the Cx43 gene loss. 5μm sections of Bouin‐fixed testes from postnatal day 2 up to adulthood of wild type and KO mice were immunostained with (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref12">1</reflink>) a vimentin antibody, (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref13">2</reflink>) a pan‐keratin (C11) monoclonal antibody (detecting the keratins 4‐6, 8, 10, 13 and 18) and (<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref14">3</reflink>) an anti‐pan‐cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3) (detecting the keratins 1‐8, 14‐16 and 19).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> SC of all ages and both genotypes stained immunopositive for vimentin. Confirming previous results, its distribution changed from an accumulation basal of the SC nuclei in immature SC to a perinuclear localization with apical extensions. None of the SC were immunopositive for any keratin.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Cx43 in SC seems to have an impact on vimentin distribution, but neither leads to an altered keratin synthesis in immature SC nor to a re‐expression of keratins in older mature SC as known for humans.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety ([33.8‐42502‐05‐21A575]).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-283">141</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-284">Folliculogenesis in newborn ovaries transplanted ectopically from rabbits into ovariectomized...</hd> <p>Dominik Valdez<sups>1</sups>; Saul Ruiz<sups>1</sups>; Robert Foster<sups>2</sups>; and Jose R Rodriguez‐Sosa<sups>1</sups>.</p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>College of Graduate Studies</emph>, <emph>Midwestern University</emph>, <emph>Glendale</emph>, <emph>USA; <sups>2</sups>Ontario Veterinary College</emph>, <emph>University of Guelph</emph>, <emph>Guelph</emph>, <emph>Canada</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Ovarian follicles form when germ cells arrive in the primitive sex cords, which fragment and enclose the germ cells. These primordial follicles undergo a series of functional and morphological transformations that lead to ovulatory follicles. In species like humans, cattle, and pigs, follicle formation takes place during the embryonic phase, while maturation occurs after birth. In contrast, both phases occur postnatally in rabbits. This makes rabbits an excellent model to study folliculogenesis. Studies using non‐rodent species are logistically more difficult and even prohibitive. One alternative is ovarian xenografting. When adult ovarian tissue is transplanted from large animals into mice, primordial follicles survive and undergo maturation. We hypothesized that the primitive sex cords of newborn rabbit ovaries form structural normal follicles after grafting into adult mice.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Ovaries from 2‐week‐old rabbits were grafted under the dorsal skin of adult ovariectomized NCr Nude mice (1 ovary / mouse, 10 mice). Mice were sacrificed at 4 – 5 weeks and the ovarian grafts were collected, processed for routine histology, and stained with H&E. Experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Midwestern University (No. 2824).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> At collection, 50% of the grafts had one or two follicle‐like structures on their surface. Histologically, the structures were cysts lined by cuboidal cells and contained germ‐cell‐like cells.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Normal folliculogenesis did not occur in the grafted ovaries; they developed cysts, which were likely remnants of the sex cords.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-285">142</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-286">Transferrin and TfR1 expression in the retina of a deficient TIM2 mouse</hd> <p>Andreia Valença<sups>1,2</sups>; Joana Catita<sups>1,2</sups>; Aina Bonet<sups>3,4</sups>; Ana Carretero<sups>1,3,4</sups>; Victor Nacher<sups>1,3,4</sups>; Marc Navarro<sups>1,3,4</sups>; Luísa Mendes‐Jorge<sups>1,5</sups>; Jesús Ruberte<sups>1,3,4</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>CIISA ‐ Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>2</sups>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Lusófona University</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal; <sups>3</sups>CBATEG ‐ Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy</emph>, <emph>Autonomous University of Barcelona</emph>, <emph>Bellaterra</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>4</sups>Department of Animal Health and Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary</emph>, <emph>Autonomous University of Barcelona</emph>, <emph>Bellaterra</emph>, <emph>Spain ; <sups>5</sups>Department of Morphology and Function</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Lisbon</emph>, <emph>Portugal</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> TIM2 receptor, a type 1 transmembrane protein, is a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing protein family that specifically binds to H‐ferritin, promoting cellular ferritin uptake. Recently, our group described TIM2 receptors in the retina and reported that in a non‐diabetic mouse model TIM2 decreased expression induced retinal iron overload. Transferrin is the classical mediator of iron import to cells. This study aimed to investigate transferrin and its receptor (TfR1) involvement in iron metabolism during TIM2 deficiency.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Four‐ to six‐month‐old TIM2 heterozygous (TIM2<sups>+/‐</sups>) mice and wildtype littermates were used (<emph>n</emph> = 6). The retinas obtained were studied by means of RT‐qPCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. Statistical analyses were performed by unpaired <emph>t</emph>‐test using Prism software v.6 (GraphPad, Inc., CA, USA). Significance was accepted at <emph>p </emph>< 0.05.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Transferrin and TfR1 relative mRNA expression was significantly upregulated (1.65‐fold change, p = 0.0449, and 1.77‐fold change, p = 0.0177, respectively) in retinas from TIM2<sups>+/‐</sups> mice. Transferrin and TfR1 protein expression measured by Western Blot and quantified by densitometry was also increased by 1.65‐fold and 1.90‐fold, respectively, in a pool of 12 TIM2<sups>+/‐</sups> retinas. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed transferrin and TfR1 increased expression in TIM2<sups>+/‐</sups> retinas.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our results showed that transferrin‐bound iron import was significantly increased in TIM2 deficient retinas, promoting iron overload. This knowledge will contribute to better understand the early deleterious effects of free iron in the retina which are associated with several degenerative diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, the main cause of blindness among working‐age adults worldwide.</p> <p>Funding: CIISA grant UIDB/00276/2020</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-287">143</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-288">Dental age estimation in puppies</hd> <p>Martine Van den Broeck; Tine Habils; Lobke De Bels; Pieter Cornillie</p> <p> <emph>Department of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> When the chronological age of a puppy is unknown, it can be approximated by assessment based on age‐dependent morphologic characteristics such as dentition. In this study, the applicability of two methods of dental age estimation was evaluated.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The timing of eruption of the permanent dentition was visually inspected in 120 puppies with reliable age, starting from the moment of complete eruption of the deciduous dentition until a complete permanent dentition was present. The timing of radiographic development of the mandibular third and fourth premolar and first molar was studied on 170 heads of puppy‐carcasses presented for autopsy, with a known reliable age between 6 and 363 days. For both methods, the puppies were subdivided into categories according to sex, skull‐type and breed‐size.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The observed age intervals for both methods were consistent within each category but varied between breed‐size categories in particular, with small breeds demonstrating a later occurring interval. The radiological development of the observed mandibular (pre)molars was ongoing before the eruption of a first permanent tooth.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Both methods were found to be applicable for dental age estimation in puppies, provided that reference intervals according to breed size are used. The radiographic development of the mandibular molars starts at an earlier age and can help narrowing the age interval established by visual inspection, especially the broad interval between complete eruption of the deciduous dentition and first eruption of the permanent dentition.</p> <p>No approval of an ethics committee was required since no dogs were killed for this study and since the visual inspection of the dentition of the living puppies did not meet the definition of an animal experiment.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-289">144</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-290">Development of a computer model that represents 3D in vivo anatomy of the equine heart</hd> <p>Ingrid Vernemmen<sups>1</sups>; Glenn Van Steenkiste<sups>1</sups>; Stijn Hauspie<sups>2</sups>; Lisa De Lange<sups>1</sups>; Eva Buschmann<sups>1</sups>; Katrien Vanderperren<sups>2</sups> and Gunther van Loon <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Equine Cardioteam</emph>, <emph>Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium; <sups>2</sups>Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopaedics of Small Animals</emph>, <emph>Ghent University</emph>, <emph>Merelbeke</emph>, <emph>Belgium</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Insight in the three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy of the equine heart is essential for teaching and to develop minimally‐invasive intracardiac procedures. The aim was to create a 3D computer model simulating the <emph>in vivo</emph> anatomy of the equine heart.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Computed tomography (CT) images were acquired using two methodologies. Ten horses, euthanized for non‐cardiovascular reasons, were used for <emph>in situ</emph> cardiac casting with polyurethane foam. Afterwards, a CT scan was performed of the excised heart. For the second methodology, a contrast‐enhanced CT protocol was optimized in order to image all relevant cardiac structures in five anaesthetized ponies. Dedicated image processing software was used to create 3D models of all cast and <emph>in vivo</emph> CT scans.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Features that resulted in improvement of the cast were the use of non‐expanding polyurethane foam, to limit excessive enlargement, and flushing the heart with physiological solution to inhibit <emph>rigor mortis</emph>. The final casting protocol produced high anatomical detail, but compliant structures such as the <emph>truncus pulmonalis</emph> were disproportionally expanded by the foam. Optimization of the contrast injection protocol, especially including a late scan for visualization of the <emph>vena cordis magna</emph> and <emph>media</emph>, resulted in sufficiently detailed CT images to create an anatomically correct 3D model.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Three‐dimensional computer models based on contrast CT images accurately represent the <emph>in vivo</emph> situation, and are preferred to obtain an anatomically correct heart model. Scaling of the pony‐based model towards adult horse dimensions is needed, as cardiac CT imaging cannot be performed in adult horses.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University (EC2020‐069 and EC2021‐019).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-291">145</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-292">Insights into the flatfish olfactory system: An anatomical, histological and immunohistochemi...</hd> <p>Paula R. Villamayor<sups>1,2</sups>; Dorinda Torres<sups>1,2</sups>; Aramburu O<sups>1</sups>; Diego Robledo<sups>3</sups>; García P<sups>4</sups>; Touriñán P<sups>4</sups>; Ferreiro I<sups>5</sups>; Riaza A<sups>5</sups>; Carmen Bouza<sups>1</sups>; Paulino Martínez<sups>1</sups> and Pablo Sánchez‐Quinteiro<sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Zoology</emph>, <emph>Genetics and Physical Anthropology. Faculty of Veterinary. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC)</emph>, <emph>27002</emph>, <emph>Lugo</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>2</sups>Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Animal Production and Veterinary Clinic Science. Faculty of Veterinary</emph>, <emph>USC; <sups>3</sups>The Roslin Institute</emph>, <emph>University of Edinburgh</emph>, <emph>Edinburgh</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom</emph>. <emph>; <sups>4</sups>Nueva Pescanova Biomarine Center</emph>, <emph>S.L.U. O Grove</emph>, <emph>36989</emph>, <emph>Pontevedra; <sups>5</sups>Acuiculture Stolt Sea Farm</emph>, <emph>S.A. Ribeira</emph>, <emph>15965</emph>, <emph>A Coruña</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Flatfish are teleosts that inhabit seabed and live under low or no lighting conditions. Due to their poor visual perception, other senses such as the sense of smell might become more important in activities as essential as reproduction or communication between individuals. In fish, the olfactory system is composed of two olfactory rosettes, and in Pleuronectiforms one become dorsal and one ventral after the process of metamorphosis. Although both are capable of capturing chemical compounds from the environment and likely have a potential role in animal behaviour, studies to date have failed to characterize their morphofunctional basis.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> This work aims to characterize the topography, morphology and developmental rate of the dorsal and ventral rosettes of turbot <emph>(Scophthalmus maximus)</emph> and sole (<emph>Solea senegalensis)</emph>. Various tissue dissection and microdissection techniques were used, as well as general and specific histological staining, histochemical labelling (LEA, UEA‐I), and immunohistochemical studies (OMP, Gai2, Gao, Calbindin and Calretinin proteins).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> The two species have a dorsal and ventral –smaller– rosette, located rostral to the interocular point and dorsal to the mandible, respectively, and both are bigger in size in turbot. At histological level, they are divided in multiple lamellae, which are less in number and present a thinner neuroepithelium in turbot. The immunohistochemical markers have defined different cell‐types in both the olfactory and the respiratory epithelium.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> We have provided the first comprehensive characterization of the dorsal and ventral rosettes in sole and turbot, at anatomical histological and immunohistochemical levels, showing that both have a similar developmental rate.</p> <p>The experiment complied with the Guidelines of the European Union Council (2010/63/EU) and the Spanish Government (RD1201/2005; RD53/2013 and law 32/2007) for the use of laboratory animals.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-293">146</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-294">Comparative analysis of mast cells distribution in porcine urinary bladder</hd> <p>Angel Vodenicharov<sups>1</sups>; Ivaylo Stefanov<sups>2</sups>; Nikolay Tsandev<sups>1</sups> and Genadi Kostadinov<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Trakia University</emph>, <emph>Stara Zagora</emph>, <emph>Bulgaria; <sups>2</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Medicine</emph>, <emph>Trakia University</emph>, <emph>Stara Zagora</emph>, <emph>Bulgaria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The aim of work was to define the localization and density of toluidine blue (TB) stained mast cells (MCs) in <emph>lamina propria mucosae</emph> and muscular tunic of pig's urinary bladder in order to elucidate their role in organ function.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The urinary bladders of six males, 6‐month‐old pigs slaughtered for meat consumption in accordance to Bulgarian laws, were collected. Pieces from <emph>apex</emph>, <emph>corpus</emph>, <emph>collum</emph> and <emph>trigonum vesicae</emph>, were fixed in Carnoy's liquid, cleared and embedded in paraffin. After TB staining of 5 μm serial sections, nucleated MCs were calculated, and the density was determined as a number per microscopic field (x200).</p> <p>Statistical analysis: GraphPadPrism 6 for Windows, one‐way ANOVA and Tukey‐Kramer test.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> In <emph>lamina propria</emph>, the MCs were localized predominantly close to vessels of microcirculatory bed. Their number was highest in <emph>trigonum</emph> ‐ 4.00 ± 0.84 and <emph>corpus</emph> ‐ 3.44 ± 0.51 (<emph>p </emph>˂ 0.0001), followed by <emph>apex</emph> ‐ 2.56 ± 0.51 and <emph>collum vesicae</emph> ‐ 1.17 ± 0.38 (<emph>p </emph>˂ 0.0001). In the muscular tunic, the MCs were localized predominantly near the capillaries' basal lamina, in the adventitia of arteries and veins and between the muscle cell bundles, as well. The highest MCs density was detected in the muscular tunic of <emph>collum</emph> (16.50 ± 0.51) – and <emph>trigonum</emph> ‐ 16.61 ± 0.50 (<emph>p </emph>˂ 0.01), followed by <emph>apex</emph> ‐ 15.89 ± 0.83, and <emph>corpus</emph> ‐ 12.33 ± 0.48 (<emph>p </emph>˂ 0.001) <emph>vesicae</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The higher number of MCs in muscular tunic than <emph>lamina propria</emph> (<emph>p </emph>˂ 0.0001) allowed to suggest their significant role in the regulation of smooth muscle contractility and urine flow.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-295">147</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-296">Translational anatomy in hoof care: How can anatomical insights improve horse owner complianc...</hd> <p>Christoph von Horst</p> <p> <emph>HC Biovision</emph>, <emph>Mainburg</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Horse owners often consider the equine foot a rather simple anatomical structure. This impression can lead to poor compliance in hoof care. Translational anatomy shall improve horse owner compliance by providing anatomical insights. The aim of this study was to assess how anatomical teaching and visualization aids can be used for this purpose.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A variety of different hoof specimens, image prints and other hoof anatomy visualizations were presented to horse owners by hoof care professionals in the context of their regular working routine. Feedback was collected concerning the horse owner reactions and what visualization aids seemed to have the strongest impact on hoof care related horse owner compliance.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Feedback from hoof care professionals showed that: 1. Authenticity is crucial when people become increasingly alert about potentially "fake" information. 2. Simplifying anatomical patterns can be misleading. 3. The general impression that the horse foot is "complex and alive" is more important than identifying specific structures.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Modified didactic concepts are helpful for increasing horse owner compliance. In university teaching, students can compare abstract knowledge with hands‐on experiences in the dissection courses. For non‐professionals, abstract and simplified visualizations can lead to a wrong understanding of the anatomy. Providing authentic hoof insights sparks scientific interest and increases trust in the professional´s recommendations. Combining real plastinates with images can show the complexity and sensitivity of the horse foot, without overwhelming amounts of anatomical terms needed. A very realistic, though not scary overall appearance seems to have the best impact.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-297">148</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-298">The acetic acid experiment – an alternative solution for anatomy specimen preservation?</hd> <p>Tajana Trbojević Vukičević<sups>1</sups>; Silvija Jelačić<sups>2</sups>; Kim Korpes<sups>1</sups>; Magdalena Kolenc<sups>1</sups> and Martina Đuras<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Department of Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Zagreb</emph>, <emph>Croatia; <sups>2</sups>DVM</emph>, <emph>V. Nazora 1G</emph>, <emph>Mihovljan</emph>, <emph>Croatia</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction</bold>: The most common fixative for veterinary anatomy specimens is 10% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. However, formaldehyde is toxic and carcinogenic and should be excluded from veterinary anatomy teaching worldwide. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether acetic acid can be used as a non‐toxic, low‐cost and ready‐to‐use available alternative fixative.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A 1.08% solution of acetic acid was obtained by mixing 3 litres of alcohol vinegar (9%) with 22 litres of tap water. Fresh pig and cattle hearts, pig and goat thoracic limbs, pig and horse head halves were dissected, immersed in the acetic acid solution and stored at +4°C for 10 days. Specimens were checked at day 5 and 10 for colour, flexibility, consistency and odour.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> At day 5, all the specimens became pale on the surface, softer in consistency, but still firm and elastic enough for manipulation. Deeper tissues retained almost natural colour and harder consistency, but without the characteristic rotten odour. All specimens were suitable for further dissection. At day 10, all specimens kept the right elasticity, though were paler and softer with a slight vinegar odour and suitable for dissection.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Specimens preserved with acetic acid solutions have a good consistency, good tissue colour and are free of unpleasant odour. This fixative is safe for usage, cheap and easy to implement and suitable as anatomical specimens that are used over a short time period in the anatomy course.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-299">149</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-300">A biplanar high‐speed fluoroscopic (FluoKin) study of the strain of the superficial digital f...</hd> <p>Franziska C. Wagner<sups>1</sups>; Jovana Kuhlmann<sups>1</sups>; Kerstin Gerlach<sups>2</sups>; Sandra M. Geiger<sups>3</sups>; Annika Doerffel<sups>2</sups>; Claudia Gittel<sups>4</sups>; Jenny Hagen<sups>1</sups>; Peter Böttcher <sups>5</sups> and Christoph K. W. Mülling <sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Leipzig University</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>2</sups>Department for Horses</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Leipzig University</emph>, <emph>Leipzig</emph>, <emph>Germany; <sups>3</sups>Institute of Topographical Anatomy</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria; <sups>4</sups>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>University of Cambridge</emph>, <emph>Cambridge</emph>, <emph>United Kingdom ; <sups>5</sups>Small Animal Clinic</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Freie Universität Berlin</emph>, <emph>Berlin</emph>, <emph>Germany</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Lesions of the SDFT are a major cause of lameness and early retirement of horses. The aim of the study was to measure the strain of the SDFT during walk and trot and to monitor the biomechanical behavior in sound, injured and healing condition.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 4 tantalum beads (0.8 mm) were injected into the metacarpal region of each SDFT in the forelimbs of five ponies to detect strain based on changes in intermarker distances. Measurements with biplanar high‐speed fluoroscopic kinematography (FluoKin) were conducted 1) in the sound SDFT (left and right forelimb), 2) after inducing a collagenase derived lesion, 3) 22 (<emph>n</emph> = 4) or 33 weeks (<emph>n</emph> = 1) after the insult. Additionally, the ponies were examined clinically and ultrasonographically throughout the rehabilitation training program. A preliminary statistical analysis of one pony was carried out with matched‐pairs <emph>t</emph>‐tests (<emph>p </emph>< 0.05).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> There was no clinical reaction related to the injected beads. Migration of 6 of the 40 implanted markers occurred. A difference in strain could be detected with FluoKin during walk (2.86%) vs. trot (6.78%). Being injured, the SDFT was strained more during walk (3.38%) but less during trot (5.96%). 33 weeks after the insult, persistent weakness was measurable during trot in the mid‐metacarpal region.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> FluoKin enables direct in vivo strain measurements in equine tendon tissue over a long term with high precision. Differences in strain can be detected under different health conditions in the same individual. FluoKin is a powerful tool to gain deeper insights in tendon biomechanics.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee and the federal ethics committee (Landesdirektion Leipzig, Germany [TVV 20/16]).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-301">150</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-302">Lipid droplet dynamics in healthy and pyometra‐affected canine endometrial epithelial cells</hd> <p>Natascha Leitner<sups>1</sups>; Juraj Hlavatý<sups>1</sups>; Reinhard Ertl <sups>2</sups> and Ingrid Walter<sups>1,2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Morphology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria; <sups>2</sups>VetCORE Facility for Research</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> In the canine uterus a conspicuous amount of lipid droplets accumulates in the surface and glandular epithelium during the metoestrous phase of each sexual cycle. The kind of lipid as well as the role of these lipid droplets in the endometrium is still unknown. Perilipins (PLINs) are a family of five proteins which are associated with the lipid droplet surface. We intended to identify PLINs in the healthy and pyometra affected canine endometrium. Moreover, <emph>in vitro</emph> experiments were applied to assess the lipid metabolism of canine endometrial epithelial cells and to test whether PLIN expression is influenced by external lipid supplementation.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Our goal was to assess the number and size of lipid droplets in canine endometrial epithelial cells. They were analyzed by histochemistry (oil‐red‐O), immunohistochemistry, RT‐qPCR, cell culture, and transmission electron microscopy in healthy and pyometra endometrium samples as well as in <emph>in vitro</emph> experiments.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> We were able to determine the presence of two different perilipins (PLIN2 and 3) in canine healthy and pyometra samples. PLIN3 was enhanced in endometrial pyometra samples compared to the healthy uterus. Lipid droplets in the canine endometrium were increased in size and number in pyometra‐affected uteri. <emph>In vitro</emph> experiments showed an influence of external lipid supplementation (oleic acid) on PLIN2 expression in endometrial epithelial cells.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Lipid droplets are important markers in the healthy and diseased canine endometrium. Lipid droplets might be necessary for energy provision in the uterus for the developing early embryo.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-303">151</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-304">Descriptive anatomotopographical study of the equine auricular region</hd> <p>Suzeli D. L. de Socorro, Laís C. Werner; Karen R. Lemos</p> <p> <emph>Department of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Midwest, Guarapuava, Brazil</emph> </p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The anatomical knowledge of the auricular region enables a highly precise clinical approach. In addition to participating in physiological functions, it is an element of body conformation. With wide mobility, it is responsible for communication and socialization. Thus, the present study aimed to study the structures in the auricular area of a horse's head.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A horse's head was superficially dissected and in the auricular region a stratified dissection was performed for topography study of muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, lymph nodes, glands, and cartilages.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> Superficially the mm. interscutularis, cervicoscutularis, cervicoauricularis profundus major and medius, scutuloauricularis superficialis dorsalis and ventralis, frontoscutularis, temporalis and frontalis portions, zygomaticoscutularis, zygomaticoauricularis and parotidoauricularis were dissected. Upon reattachment of cervicoscutularis and scutuloauricularis superficiales dorsalis mm., cervicoauricularis superficialis and parietoauricularis mm. as well as the scutuloauricularis profundi major and minor were observed, respectively. The lateral traction of the ear showed the extrinsic muscles: scutuloauricularis superficialis acessory and medius. Caudally at the base of the ear the v. auricularis caudalis was divided into occipitalis and intermedius branches. The II cervicalis n. auricularis branch presents medial approach to the ear crossing the m. cervicoscutularis. The removal of parotid gland exhibited the v. temporalis superficialis and its transversa faciei affluent, parotid lymph node, facial nerve and its superficial auricular branch middle and caudal nn. auricular, a. auricularis caudalis and its branches: profunda, lateralis, intermedius and medialis.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results of this dissection study corroborate to the descriptions found in the literature of the equine ear region.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-305">152</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-306">Attendance and interaction of students in online lectures of anatomy</hd> <p>Kirsti Witter<sups>1</sups> and Stefan Kammerer <sups>2</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Institute of Morphology</emph>, <emph>Department of Pathobiology</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria; <sups>2</sups>E‐Learning & New Media</emph>, <emph>Vice‐Rectory for Study Affairs</emph>, <emph>University of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Vienna</emph>, <emph>Austria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The pandemic forced us to shift anatomy lectures from lecture hall to virtual space. Keeping contact with the students was challenging, even in live online lectures. The aim of this study was to analyse the students´ attendance of live online anatomy lectures and their acceptance of activation and communication tools used in these lectures.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Data provided by the university's e‐learning systems was used to analyse active participation of the students in online lectures of the presenting author during winter semester 2020‐21.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> 95.9% and 77.6% of registered first (<emph>n</emph> = 202) and second year (<emph>n</emph> = 196) students, respectively, attended the online lectures. 4.3% experienced technical difficulties (more than 2 logins per lecture, indicating bandwidth issues). The inbuilt audience response system (ARS) of the conference tool was used by 77.8% of attending students, external ARS by 55.2%. If more than 1 question was asked, only 63.1% of students answered all questions. The chat function was used sparingly but more frequently than on‐site questions. Evaluation of online lectures was good but worse than for on‐site lectures in previous years.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Somewhat more students attended the online lectures compared to on‐site lectures. Lecture attendance decreased in higher semesters. Acceptance of external ARS was significantly lower than that of inbuilt ARS, indicating the preference for simple technical solutions. The chat functions seem to reduce potential inhibitions of students about asking questions. The teacher cannot assess the immediate reaction of students to the presentation readily during online lectures, resulting in worse evaluation results.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-307">153</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-308">Topography and blood supply of perirenal fat depot in the rabbit</hd> <p>Penka Y. Yonkova</p> <p> <emph>Trakia University</emph>, <emph>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Department of Veterinary Anatomy</emph>, <emph>Histology and Embryology</emph>, <emph>6015 Stara Zagora</emph>, <emph>Bulgaria</emph></p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> The perirenal fat depot (PrFD) is the most well developed depot in rabbits. It changes significantly in size and topography with age.</p> <p>The aim of this study was to determine age differences in topography of PrFD, and to establish its vascularization.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> 24 clinically healthy New Zealand White rabbits, were divided into 4 age groups (3 males and 3 females in each): 1<sups>st</sups> (newborns), 2<sups>nd</sups> (1 Mos), 3<sups>rd</sups> (2 Mos),</p> <p>4<sups>th</sups> (3 Mos). The topography and blood vessels of PrFD were observed after extraction of abdominal organs. The mass of PrFD was measured relative to BW (%).</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> PrFD in newborns was concentrated next to <emph>extremitas cranialis et caudalis renis</emph> and <emph>margo lateralis et medialis renis</emph>. In animals from the 2<sups>nd</sups> and 3<sups>rd</sups> group, there was an increase in adipose accumulation around the <emph>hilus renalis</emph> and extremities respectively. The 4<sups>th</sups> group showed perirenal fat reaching cranially to the diaphragmatic fascia and caudally to the level of the pelvic inlet. Ventrally, PrFD covered <emph>facies ventralis renis</emph>, the large blood vessels and the space between <emph>fascia transversalis</emph> and <emph>m. psoas major</emph>.</p> <p>Blood was supplied to each side of PrFD by: <emph>a</emph>. <emph>et v. intercostalis dorsalis (XI)</emph>, <emph>a. et v</emph>. <emph>costoabdominalis dorsalis</emph>, <emph>a. et v. abdominals cranialis</emph> and branches of <emph>a. et v. renalis and a. et v. circumflexa ilium profunda</emph>.</p> <p>The PrFD mass increased significantly: 0,52%, 0,96 %, 1,07 % and 2,43 % from the 1<sups>st</sups> to the 4<sups>th</sups> group respectively.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The information for the normal gross anatomical development and vascularization of PrFD could be used in different adipo‐biological experiments where rabbits serve as a model for visceral obesity.</p> <p>All husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria (Approval No. 52/2012).</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-309">154</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-310">Are anatomical 3D printing models a didactic tool for students?</hd> <p>Daniel Rojo Ríos<sups>1</sups>; Ainara Ortuño Lorente<sups>1</sups>; María Leotte Sánchez<sups>1</sups>; Diana Ceballos Francisco<sups>2</sups>; María I. García García<sups>2</sups>; Nuria García Carrillo<sups>3</sups>; Alberto Arencibia Espinosa<sups>4</sups>; David Kilroy<sups>5</sups>; María Dolores Ayala Florenciano <sups>1</sups> and Gregorio Ramírez Zarzosa <sups>1</sups>.</p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas</emph>, <emph>Facultad de Veterinaria</emph>, <emph>Murcia</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>2</sups>Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación</emph>, <emph>Área Científica y Técnica de Investigación (ACTI)</emph>, <emph>Universidad de Murcia</emph>, <emph>Murcia</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>3</sups>Servicio de Experimentación Animal</emph>, <emph>Área Científica‐Técnica de Investigación. Centro de Experimentación e Investigación Biomédica (CEIB)</emph>, <emph>Universidad de Murcia</emph>, <emph>Murcia</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>4</sups>Departamento de Morfología</emph>, <emph>Facultad de Veterinaria</emph>, <emph>Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>5</sups>Division of Veterinary Science Centre</emph>, <emph>University College Dublin</emph>, <emph>School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Belfield</emph>, <emph>Dublin 4</emph>, <emph>Ireland</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> As a result of our published anatomical research we have obtained four 3D printed models of different anatomical structures of domestic and wild animals. Our hypothesis is that these models would enhance the learning experience of veterinary students, especially as the models are of rare or unusual species.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In our investigations, we used CT to scan the specimens. DICOM images were obtained and analyzed using the AMIRA program to generate three‐dimensional reconstructions. The first was a visceral and vascular model of the feline abdominal cavity. The second was a vascular model of a dolphin head. The third was three feline nasal skulls reconstructions, and fourth a skeletal reconstruction of the sea bream teleost fish. Specimens were available for student use during practical classes and students were asked to complete a survey about the quality of their learning experience.</p> <p> <bold>Results</bold>: During practical labs, students (<emph>n</emph> = 82) answered the survey about 3D models. Statistical Analysis was made using Excel 2007®.</p> <p>Our results are preliminary as we plan to continue the study next year with a larger sample. 53% of students think that these 3D reconstructions will be the future of anatomical studies. Student views on the use of 3D models (range 0‐4) were:</p> <p>‐ Feline abdominal cavity = 2.7</p> <p>‐ Dolphin head = 2.5</p> <p>‐ Feline nasal skull = 2.3</p> <p>‐ Sea Bream = 1.9</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> 3D models can enhance the effectiveness of anatomy practical classes and are a reusable, high fidelity resource.</p> <hd id="AN0154460215-311">155</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0154460215-312">Experimental compared anatomical study: an introduction to the laryngeal endoscopy in dolphin</hd> <p>José Antonio Martínez Roca<sups>1</sups>; Álvaro García de los Ríos y LosHuertos<sups>2</sups>; Francisco Martínez Gomariz<sups>1</sups>; Cayetano Sánchez Collado<sups>1</sups>; Alberto Arencibia Espinosa<sups>3</sups>; Elena Díaz Martínez<sups>1</sups>; Francisco Gil Cano<sups>1</sups>; David Kilroy<sups>4</sups>; Jesús Villalobos<sups>5</sups>; Gregorio Ramírez Zarzosa<sups>1</sups></p> <p> <emph> <sups>1</sups>Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas</emph>, <emph>Facultad de Veterinaria</emph>, <emph>Murcia</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>2</sups>Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación</emph>, <emph>Edificio ACTI</emph>, <emph>Universidad de Murcia</emph>, <emph>Murcia</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>3</sups>Departamento de Morfología</emph>, <emph>Facultad de Veterinaria</emph>, <emph>Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria</emph>, <emph>Spain; <sups>4</sups>Division of Veterinary Science Centre</emph>, <emph>University College Dublin</emph>, <emph>School of Veterinary Medicine</emph>, <emph>Belfield</emph>, <emph>Dublin 4</emph>, <emph>Ireland; <sups>5</sups>Clinica Veterinaria Especialista en Endoscopia. Ciudad de Méjico. Méjico</emph>.</p> <p> <bold>Introduction:</bold> Studies on the laryngeal anatomy of the dolphin highlight its unique morphology which is required to generate the high pressure necessary for ultrasound production. However, researchers do not agree on the names of some cartilaginous structures. This endoscopic study attempts to clarify the anatomy of the dolphin larynx.</p> <p> <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Dolphin heads were collected post‐mortem from specimens after necropsy (<emph>n</emph> = 5) from the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, El Valle, Murcia. Four heads were sectioned horizontally to facilitate endoscopy of the nasopharynx, larynx and rima glottidis. After removing the vomer, basisphenoid and presphenoid bones, a straight forward‐oblique endoscope was introduced through the aditus laryngis to examine the cartilages and associated structures. A bottlenose head (<emph>n</emph> = 1) was used to study the dolphin's larynx.</p> <p> <bold>Results:</bold> These anatomical studies show a very different laryngeal morphology from domestic mammals. The aditus laryngis is small and hermetically sealed and located within the nasopharynx, thereby permitting continuous airflow during deglutition. In comparison with the larynx of terrestrial mammals, the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages are very long while the thyroid and cricoid cartilages are relatively short.</p> <p>Our endoscopic examination demonstrated a broad vestibule and long vocal folds; the glottis was long and the laryngeal ventricle was absent. An elastic fold joining the lateral aspects of the epiglottic and arytenoid cartilages was observed, which may be equivalent to the aryepiglottic fold.</p> <p> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The horizontal section allowed us to introduce the endoscope directly into the laryngeal vestibule and glottis and facilitated a more thorough investigation of its structure.</p> <nolink nlid="nl1" bibid="bib13" firstref="ref1"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl2" bibid="bib1" firstref="ref2"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl3" bibid="bib2" firstref="ref3"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl4" bibid="bib3" firstref="ref4"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl5" bibid="bib10" firstref="ref5"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl6" bibid="bib15" firstref="ref6"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl7" bibid="bib384" firstref="ref7"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl8" bibid="bib7" firstref="ref8"></nolink>
Header DbId: vft
DbLabel: Veterinary Source
An: 154460215
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Abstracts.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Anatomia%2C+Histologia%2C+Embryologia%3A+Journal+of+Veterinary+Medicine+Series+C%22">Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C</searchLink>. Jan2022 Supplement S1, Vol. 51, p3-64. 62p.
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Article
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anatomy%22">Anatomy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sexual+cycle%22">Sexual cycle</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biological+specimens%22">Biological specimens</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+sciences%22">Medical sciences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiology%22">Physiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Islands+of+Langerhans%22">Islands of Langerhans</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inner+ear%22">Inner ear</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Blended+learning%22">Blended learning</searchLink>
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0340-2096
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1111/ahe.12759
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: 154460215
PLink https://erproxy.cvtisr.sk/sfx/access?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=vft&AN=154460215
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/ahe.12759
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 62
        StartPage: 3
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Anatomy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sexual cycle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biological specimens
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical sciences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Islands of Langerhans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inner ear
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Blended learning
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Abstracts.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 02
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2022 Supplement S1
              Type: published
              Y: 2022
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 03402096
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 51
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C
              Type: main
ResultId 1