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Driver response to take-over requests in real traffic

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Title: Driver response to take-over requests in real traffic
Authors: Pipkorn, Linda, 1991, Tivesten, Emma, 1968, Flannagan, Carol Ann Cook, 1962, Dozza, Marco, 1978
Source: IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems. 53(5):823-833
Subject Terms: take-over request., driver behavior, driving performance, driver response, automation, Automated driving
Description: Existing research on control-transitions from automated driving (AD) to manual driving mainly stems from studies in virtual settings. There is a need for studies conducted in real settings to better understand the impacts of increasing vehicle automation on traffic safety. This study aims specifically to understand how drivers respond to take-over requests (TORs) in real traffic by investigating the associations between 1) where drivers look when receiving the TOR, 2) repeated exposure to TORs, and 3) the drivers’ response process. In total, thirty participants were exposed to four TORs after about 5–6 min of driving with AD on public roads. While in AD, participants could choose to engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs).When they received the TOR, for 38% of TORs, participants were already looking on path. For those TORs where drivers looked off path at the time of the TOR, the off-path glance was most commonly towards an NDRT item. Then, for 72% of TORs (independent on gaze direction), drivers started their response process to the TOR by looking towards the instrument cluster before placing their hands on the steering wheel and their foot on the accelerator pedal, and deactivating automation. Both timing and order of these actions varied among participants, but all participants deactivated AD within 10 s from the TOR. The drivers’ gaze direction at the TOR had a stronger association with the response process than the repeated exposure to TORs did. Drivers can respond to TORs in real traffic. However, the response should be considered as a sequence of actions that requires a certain amount of time.
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  Data: Driver response to take-over requests in real traffic
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pipkorn%2C+Linda%22">Pipkorn, Linda</searchLink>, 1991<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tivesten%2C+Emma%22">Tivesten, Emma</searchLink>, 1968<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Flannagan%2C+Carol+Ann+Cook%22">Flannagan, Carol Ann Cook</searchLink>, 1962<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dozza%2C+Marco%22">Dozza, Marco</searchLink>, 1978
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  Data: <i>IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems</i>. 53(5):823-833
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22take-over+request%2E%22">take-over request.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22driver+behavior%22">driver behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22driving+performance%22">driving performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22driver+response%22">driver response</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22automation%22">automation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Automated+driving%22">Automated driving</searchLink>
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  Data: Existing research on control-transitions from automated driving (AD) to manual driving mainly stems from studies in virtual settings. There is a need for studies conducted in real settings to better understand the impacts of increasing vehicle automation on traffic safety. This study aims specifically to understand how drivers respond to take-over requests (TORs) in real traffic by investigating the associations between 1) where drivers look when receiving the TOR, 2) repeated exposure to TORs, and 3) the drivers’ response process. In total, thirty participants were exposed to four TORs after about 5–6 min of driving with AD on public roads. While in AD, participants could choose to engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs).When they received the TOR, for 38% of TORs, participants were already looking on path. For those TORs where drivers looked off path at the time of the TOR, the off-path glance was most commonly towards an NDRT item. Then, for 72% of TORs (independent on gaze direction), drivers started their response process to the TOR by looking towards the instrument cluster before placing their hands on the steering wheel and their foot on the accelerator pedal, and deactivating automation. Both timing and order of these actions varied among participants, but all participants deactivated AD within 10 s from the TOR. The drivers’ gaze direction at the TOR had a stronger association with the response process than the repeated exposure to TORs did. Drivers can respond to TORs in real traffic. However, the response should be considered as a sequence of actions that requires a certain amount of time.
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        Value: 10.1109/THMS.2023.3304003
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 823
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: take-over request.
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: driver behavior
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: driving performance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: driver response
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: automation
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      – SubjectFull: Automated driving
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      – TitleFull: Driver response to take-over requests in real traffic
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            NameFull: Dozza, Marco
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              Y: 2023
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