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Cosmic Ray Irradiation of Interstellar Ices on Sulfur-Rich Grains: A Possible Source of Sulfur-Bearing Molecules

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Titel: Cosmic Ray Irradiation of Interstellar Ices on Sulfur-Rich Grains: A Possible Source of Sulfur-Bearing Molecules
Autoren: Mifsud, Duncan V., Kaňuchová, Zuzana, Auriacombe, Olivier, 1989, Herczku, Péter, Qasim, Danna, Kovács, Sándor T.S., Rácz, Richárd, Sulik, Béla, Juhász, Zoltán, Rajta, István, Vajda, István, Biri, Sándor, McCullough, Robert W., Ioppolo, Sergio, Raut, Ujjwal, Mason, Nigel J.
Quelle: ACS Earth and Space Chemistry. 9(5):1227-1242
Schlagwörter: interstellar ices, radiation chemistry, infrared spectroscopy, laboratory experiments, sulfur, astrochemistry
Beschreibung: The major reservoir of sulfur in dense interstellar clouds is still largely unknown, although a growing body of evidence suggests that it may exist in a refractory form (i.e., as minerals or allotropes of the element). Therefore, it is possible that the irradiation of sulfur-free interstellar ices on top of sulfur-rich refractory grain components by cosmic rays or stellar winds may result in the formation of simple inorganic sulfur molecules that could be readily detected by ground- or space-borne telescopes. In this study, we have irradiated neat ices of O2, CO, CO2, and H2O on top of layers of allotropic sulfur at 20 K using 1 MeV He+ ions as a mimic of space radiation. Experiments with CO2 and H2O ices were also repeated at 70 K to provide data obtained under conditions more relevant to icy bodies in the outer solar system for comparative purposes. We have found qualitative mid-infrared spectroscopic evidence for the synthesis of SO2, CS2, OCS, and H2SO4 hydrates, but not H2S, in our experiments and have quantified the efficiency of their formation by calculating the G-value (i.e., the number of molecules formed per 100 eV of energy deposited) for each ice-refractory system. Overall, SO2 and CS2 are the most commonly observed products in our experiments, although the highest G-value was that for H2SO4 hydrates formed as a result of the irradiation of H2O ice on top of sulfur at 70 K. An important outcome of our study is that our experimental results are consistent with recent observational surveys that suggest SO2 formation in interstellar ices proceeds primarily via an “energetic” route involving radiolytic processes, while OCS forms as a result of “nonenergetic” processes such as atom or radical addition reactions.
Dateibeschreibung: electronic
Zugangs-URL: https://research.chalmers.se/publication/546470
https://research.chalmers.se/publication/546469
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  Data: Cosmic Ray Irradiation of Interstellar Ices on Sulfur-Rich Grains: A Possible Source of Sulfur-Bearing Molecules
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mifsud%2C+Duncan+V%2E%22">Mifsud, Duncan V.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaňuchová%2C+Zuzana%22">Kaňuchová, Zuzana</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Auriacombe%2C+Olivier%22">Auriacombe, Olivier</searchLink>, 1989<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Herczku%2C+Péter%22">Herczku, Péter</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qasim%2C+Danna%22">Qasim, Danna</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kovács%2C+Sándor+T%2ES%2E%22">Kovács, Sándor T.S.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rácz%2C+Richárd%22">Rácz, Richárd</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sulik%2C+Béla%22">Sulik, Béla</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Juhász%2C+Zoltán%22">Juhász, Zoltán</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rajta%2C+István%22">Rajta, István</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vajda%2C+István%22">Vajda, István</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Biri%2C+Sándor%22">Biri, Sándor</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McCullough%2C+Robert+W%2E%22">McCullough, Robert W.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ioppolo%2C+Sergio%22">Ioppolo, Sergio</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Raut%2C+Ujjwal%22">Raut, Ujjwal</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mason%2C+Nigel+J%2E%22">Mason, Nigel J.</searchLink>
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  Data: <i>ACS Earth and Space Chemistry</i>. 9(5):1227-1242
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22interstellar+ices%22">interstellar ices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22radiation+chemistry%22">radiation chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22infrared+spectroscopy%22">infrared spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22laboratory+experiments%22">laboratory experiments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22sulfur%22">sulfur</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22astrochemistry%22">astrochemistry</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Description
  Group: Ab
  Data: The major reservoir of sulfur in dense interstellar clouds is still largely unknown, although a growing body of evidence suggests that it may exist in a refractory form (i.e., as minerals or allotropes of the element). Therefore, it is possible that the irradiation of sulfur-free interstellar ices on top of sulfur-rich refractory grain components by cosmic rays or stellar winds may result in the formation of simple inorganic sulfur molecules that could be readily detected by ground- or space-borne telescopes. In this study, we have irradiated neat ices of O2, CO, CO2, and H2O on top of layers of allotropic sulfur at 20 K using 1 MeV He+ ions as a mimic of space radiation. Experiments with CO2 and H2O ices were also repeated at 70 K to provide data obtained under conditions more relevant to icy bodies in the outer solar system for comparative purposes. We have found qualitative mid-infrared spectroscopic evidence for the synthesis of SO2, CS2, OCS, and H2SO4 hydrates, but not H2S, in our experiments and have quantified the efficiency of their formation by calculating the G-value (i.e., the number of molecules formed per 100 eV of energy deposited) for each ice-refractory system. Overall, SO2 and CS2 are the most commonly observed products in our experiments, although the highest G-value was that for H2SO4 hydrates formed as a result of the irradiation of H2O ice on top of sulfur at 70 K. An important outcome of our study is that our experimental results are consistent with recent observational surveys that suggest SO2 formation in interstellar ices proceeds primarily via an “energetic” route involving radiolytic processes, while OCS forms as a result of “nonenergetic” processes such as atom or radical addition reactions.
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        Value: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00036
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      – Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1227
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: interstellar ices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: radiation chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: infrared spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: laboratory experiments
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: sulfur
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: astrochemistry
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Cosmic Ray Irradiation of Interstellar Ices on Sulfur-Rich Grains: A Possible Source of Sulfur-Bearing Molecules
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              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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