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Structural performance evaluation methods and experimental validation of high-capacity single-bolt CLT connections under cyclic loading

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Title: Structural performance evaluation methods and experimental validation of high-capacity single-bolt CLT connections under cyclic loading
Authors: Aljuhmani, Ahmad Ghazi, Matsumoto, Naoyuki, Goto, Yutaka, 1984, Maeda, Masaki
Source: Engineering Structures. 337
Subject Terms: High-strength bolts, Performance evaluation method, Hybrid structures, Failure mechanisms, Cross-laminated timber (CLT), Rope effect, Cyclic loading, Slotted-in steel plate connections
Description: In seismic-prone regions like Japan, cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall-steel frame hybrid structures can enable the construction of tall timber buildings. To realize this structural system, this study proposes two high-capacity bolted connection types for CLT walls using high-strength bolts: a resistance-type connection designed to ensure an elastic behavior of the bolt, with timber embedment failure, based on Johansen's yield theory, and a ductility-type connection designed for bolt-yielding failure, utilizing large, thick back plates instead of standard washers. Analytical methods for evaluating failure modes and structural performance were developed, considering the anisotropic laminated structure of CLT panels, to design CLT bolted connections for ductility. A total of 60 single-bolt connections with 20 design variations, covering bolt diameter, end distance, and loading direction, were tested under cyclic loading. Results show that resistance-type CLT connections provide enhanced resistance and stiffness, while maintaining sufficient deformation capacity (average 63 mm) due to the presence of cross layers in CLT. Ductility-type connections offer high resistance compared to conventional connections (bolt-yielding with normal washers), benefiting from the large rope effect induced by the back plates. The proposed failure mode and structural performance evaluation methods can reliably predict failure modes, loads at failure, and the overall structural performance of CLT connections, providing a dependable design approach for ductile CLT single-bolt connections.
Access URL: https://research.chalmers.se/publication/546802
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Structural performance evaluation methods and experimental validation of high-capacity single-bolt CLT connections under cyclic loading
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aljuhmani%2C+Ahmad+Ghazi%22">Aljuhmani, Ahmad Ghazi</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matsumoto%2C+Naoyuki%22">Matsumoto, Naoyuki</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Goto%2C+Yutaka%22">Goto, Yutaka</searchLink>, 1984<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maeda%2C+Masaki%22">Maeda, Masaki</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Engineering Structures</i>. 337
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High-strength+bolts%22">High-strength bolts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Performance+evaluation+method%22">Performance evaluation method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hybrid+structures%22">Hybrid structures</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Failure+mechanisms%22">Failure mechanisms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cross-laminated+timber+%28CLT%29%22">Cross-laminated timber (CLT)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rope+effect%22">Rope effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cyclic+loading%22">Cyclic loading</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Slotted-in+steel+plate+connections%22">Slotted-in steel plate connections</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Description
  Group: Ab
  Data: In seismic-prone regions like Japan, cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall-steel frame hybrid structures can enable the construction of tall timber buildings. To realize this structural system, this study proposes two high-capacity bolted connection types for CLT walls using high-strength bolts: a resistance-type connection designed to ensure an elastic behavior of the bolt, with timber embedment failure, based on Johansen's yield theory, and a ductility-type connection designed for bolt-yielding failure, utilizing large, thick back plates instead of standard washers. Analytical methods for evaluating failure modes and structural performance were developed, considering the anisotropic laminated structure of CLT panels, to design CLT bolted connections for ductility. A total of 60 single-bolt connections with 20 design variations, covering bolt diameter, end distance, and loading direction, were tested under cyclic loading. Results show that resistance-type CLT connections provide enhanced resistance and stiffness, while maintaining sufficient deformation capacity (average 63 mm) due to the presence of cross layers in CLT. Ductility-type connections offer high resistance compared to conventional connections (bolt-yielding with normal washers), benefiting from the large rope effect induced by the back plates. The proposed failure mode and structural performance evaluation methods can reliably predict failure modes, loads at failure, and the overall structural performance of CLT connections, providing a dependable design approach for ductile CLT single-bolt connections.
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120506
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: High-strength bolts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Performance evaluation method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hybrid structures
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Failure mechanisms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-laminated timber (CLT)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rope effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cyclic loading
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Slotted-in steel plate connections
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Structural performance evaluation methods and experimental validation of high-capacity single-bolt CLT connections under cyclic loading
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Aljuhmani, Ahmad Ghazi
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            NameFull: Matsumoto, Naoyuki
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            NameFull: Goto, Yutaka
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            NameFull: Maeda, Masaki
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 337
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            – TitleFull: Engineering Structures
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