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The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. V. Clustered Protostars

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Titel: The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. V. Clustered Protostars
Autoren: Telkamp, Zoie, Fedriani, Rubén, Tan, Jonathan C., Law, Chi-Yan, Zhang, Yichen, Plunkett, Adele, Crowe, Samuel, Yang, Yao-Lun, De Buizer, James M., Beltran, Maria T., Bonfand, Mélisse, Boyden, Ryan, Cosentino, Giuliana, Gorai, Prasanta, Liu, Mengyao, Rosero, Viviana, Taniguchi, Kotomi, Tanaka, Kei E. I., Rodríguez, Tatiana M.
Quelle: Astrophysical Journal, 986(1), 15, (2025-06-10)
Verlagsinformationen: American Astronomical Society
Publikationsjahr: 2025
Bestand: Caltech Authors (California Institute of Technology)
Schlagwörter: Massive stars, Star formation, Interstellar medium, Infrared sources, Protostars, Spectral energy distribution
Beschreibung: We present ∼8–40 μ m SOFIA-FORCAST images of seven regions of "clustered" star formation as part of the SOFIA Massive Star Formation Survey. We identify a total of 34 protostar candidates and build their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We fit these SEDs with a grid of radiative transfer models based on the turbulent core accretion (TCA) theory to derive key protostellar properties, including initial core mass, M c , clump environment mass surface density, Σ cl , and current protostellar mass, m * . We also carry out empirical graybody (GB) estimation of Σ cl , which allows a case of restricted SED fitting within the TCA model grid. We also release version 2.0 of the open-source Python package sedcreator , which is designed to automate the aperture photometry and SED building and fitting process for sources in clustered environments, where flux contamination from close neighbors typically complicates the process. Using these updated methods, SED fitting yields values of M c ∼ 30–200 M ⊙ , Σ cl,SED ∼ 0.1–3 g cm −2 , and m * ∼ 4–50 M ⊙ . The GB fitting yields smaller values of Σ cl,GB ≲ 1 g cm −2 . From these results, we do not find evidence for a critical Σ cl needed to form massive (≳8 M ⊙ ) stars. However, we do find tentative evidence for a dearth of the most massive ( m * ≳ 30 M ⊙ ) protostars in the clustered regions, suggesting a potential impact of environment on the stellar initial mass function. ; © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; R.F. acknowledges support from the grants Juan de la Cierva FJC2021-046802-I, PID2020-114461GB-I00, and PID2023-146295NB-I00, and from the Severo Ochoa grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by "European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR". J.C.T. acknowledges support from ...
Publikationsart: article in journal/newspaper
Sprache: English
Relation: https://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv:2412.11792; https://authors.library.caltech.edu/communities/caltechauthors/
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/adcd79
Verfügbarkeit: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adcd79
Rights: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess ; Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International ; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Dokumentencode: edsbas.691E24AB
Datenbank: BASE
Beschreibung
Abstract:We present ∼8–40 μ m SOFIA-FORCAST images of seven regions of "clustered" star formation as part of the SOFIA Massive Star Formation Survey. We identify a total of 34 protostar candidates and build their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We fit these SEDs with a grid of radiative transfer models based on the turbulent core accretion (TCA) theory to derive key protostellar properties, including initial core mass, M c , clump environment mass surface density, Σ cl , and current protostellar mass, m * . We also carry out empirical graybody (GB) estimation of Σ cl , which allows a case of restricted SED fitting within the TCA model grid. We also release version 2.0 of the open-source Python package sedcreator , which is designed to automate the aperture photometry and SED building and fitting process for sources in clustered environments, where flux contamination from close neighbors typically complicates the process. Using these updated methods, SED fitting yields values of M c ∼ 30–200 M ⊙ , Σ cl,SED ∼ 0.1–3 g cm −2 , and m * ∼ 4–50 M ⊙ . The GB fitting yields smaller values of Σ cl,GB ≲ 1 g cm −2 . From these results, we do not find evidence for a critical Σ cl needed to form massive (≳8 M ⊙ ) stars. However, we do find tentative evidence for a dearth of the most massive ( m * ≳ 30 M ⊙ ) protostars in the clustered regions, suggesting a potential impact of environment on the stellar initial mass function. ; © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; R.F. acknowledges support from the grants Juan de la Cierva FJC2021-046802-I, PID2020-114461GB-I00, and PID2023-146295NB-I00, and from the Severo Ochoa grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by "European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR". J.C.T. acknowledges support from ...
DOI:10.3847/1538-4357/adcd79