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Results from the Pan-STARRS search for kilonovae: contamination by massive stellar outbursts

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Název: Results from the Pan-STARRS search for kilonovae: contamination by massive stellar outbursts
Autoři: Fulton, MD, Smartt, SJ, Huber, ME, Smith, KW, Chambers, KC, Nicholl, M, Srivastav, S, Young, DR, Magnier, EA, Lin, C, Minguez, P, de Boer, T, Lowe, T, Wainscoat, R
Zdroj: Fulton, M D, Smartt, S J, Huber, M E, Smith, K W, Chambers, K C, Nicholl, M, Srivastav, S, Young, D R, Magnier, E A, Lin, C-C, Minguez, P, de Boer, T, Lowe, T & Wainscoat, R 2025, 'Results from the Pan-STARRS search for kilonovae: contamination by massive stellar outbursts', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 542, no. 2, pp. 541-559. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1165
Publication Status: Preprint
Informace o vydavateli: Oxford University Press (OUP), 2025.
Rok vydání: 2025
Témata: photometric [techniques], High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), variables: S Doradus [stars], surveys, ) black hole - neutron star mergers [(transients], editorials, name=Astronomy and Astrophysics, name=Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, supernovae [transients], High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Popis: We present results from the Pan-STARRS optical search for kilonovae without the aid of gravitational wave and gamma-ray burst triggers. The search was conducted from 2019 October 26 to 2022 December 15. During this time, we reported 29 740 transients observed by Pan-STARRS to the IAU Transient Name Server. Of these, 175 were Pan-STARRS credited discoveries that had a host galaxy within 200 Mpc and had discovery absolute magnitudes $M>-16.5$. A subset of 11 transients was plausibly identified as kilonova candidates by our kilonova prediction algorithm. Through a combination of historical forced photometry, extensive follow-up, and aggregating observations from multiple sky surveys, we eliminated all as kilonova candidates. Rapidly evolving outbursts from massive stars (likely to be Luminous Blue Variable eruptions) accounted for 55 per cent of the subset’s contaminating sources. We estimate the rate of such eruptions using the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System 100 Mpc volume-limited survey data. As these outbursts appear to be significant contaminants in kilonova searches, we estimate contaminating numbers when searching gravitational wave skymaps produced by the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra science collaboration during the Rubin era. The Legacy Survey of Space and time, reaching limiting magnitudes of $m\approx 25$, could detect 2–6 massive stellar outbursts per 500 deg$^{2}$ within a 4-d observing window, within the skymaps and volumes typical for binary neutron star mergers projected for Ligo-Virgo-Kagra Observing run 5. We conclude that while they may be a contaminant, they can be photometrically identified.
Druh dokumentu: Article
Popis souboru: application/pdf
Jazyk: English
ISSN: 1365-2966
0035-8711
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staf1165
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2506.07082
Přístupová URL adresa: http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.07082
https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57b268c3-a243-462c-a089-4e2608fe8052
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1165
https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/31149606-4fc3-4ea9-82d8-ef91fd114913
Rights: CC BY
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  Data: Results from the Pan-STARRS search for kilonovae: contamination by massive stellar outbursts
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fulton%2C+MD%22">Fulton, MD</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smartt%2C+SJ%22">Smartt, SJ</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huber%2C+ME%22">Huber, ME</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smith%2C+KW%22">Smith, KW</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chambers%2C+KC%22">Chambers, KC</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nicholl%2C+M%22">Nicholl, M</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Srivastav%2C+S%22">Srivastav, S</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Young%2C+DR%22">Young, DR</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Magnier%2C+EA%22">Magnier, EA</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+C%22">Lin, C</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Minguez%2C+P%22">Minguez, P</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+Boer%2C+T%22">de Boer, T</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lowe%2C+T%22">Lowe, T</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wainscoat%2C+R%22">Wainscoat, R</searchLink>
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  Data: Fulton, M D, Smartt, S J, Huber, M E, Smith, K W, Chambers, K C, Nicholl, M, Srivastav, S, Young, D R, Magnier, E A, Lin, C-C, Minguez, P, de Boer, T, Lowe, T & Wainscoat, R 2025, 'Results from the Pan-STARRS search for kilonovae: contamination by massive stellar outbursts', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 542, no. 2, pp. 541-559. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1165
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  Data: Oxford University Press (OUP), 2025.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22photometric+[techniques]%22">photometric [techniques]</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+Energy+Astrophysical+Phenomena+%28astro-ph%2EHE%29%22">High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22variables%3A+S+Doradus+[stars]%22">variables: S Doradus [stars]</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22surveys%22">surveys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22%29+black+hole+-+neutron+star+mergers+[%28transients]%22">) black hole - neutron star mergers [(transients]</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22editorials%22">editorials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22name=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics%22">name=Astronomy and Astrophysics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22name=Space+and+Planetary+Science%22">name=Space and Planetary Science</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22FOS%3A+Physical+sciences%22">FOS: Physical sciences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22supernovae+[transients]%22">supernovae [transients]</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+Energy+Astrophysical+Phenomena%22">High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena</searchLink>
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  Label: Description
  Group: Ab
  Data: We present results from the Pan-STARRS optical search for kilonovae without the aid of gravitational wave and gamma-ray burst triggers. The search was conducted from 2019 October 26 to 2022 December 15. During this time, we reported 29 740 transients observed by Pan-STARRS to the IAU Transient Name Server. Of these, 175 were Pan-STARRS credited discoveries that had a host galaxy within 200 Mpc and had discovery absolute magnitudes $M>-16.5$. A subset of 11 transients was plausibly identified as kilonova candidates by our kilonova prediction algorithm. Through a combination of historical forced photometry, extensive follow-up, and aggregating observations from multiple sky surveys, we eliminated all as kilonova candidates. Rapidly evolving outbursts from massive stars (likely to be Luminous Blue Variable eruptions) accounted for 55 per cent of the subset’s contaminating sources. We estimate the rate of such eruptions using the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System 100 Mpc volume-limited survey data. As these outbursts appear to be significant contaminants in kilonova searches, we estimate contaminating numbers when searching gravitational wave skymaps produced by the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra science collaboration during the Rubin era. The Legacy Survey of Space and time, reaching limiting magnitudes of $m\approx 25$, could detect 2–6 massive stellar outbursts per 500 deg$^{2}$ within a 4-d observing window, within the skymaps and volumes typical for binary neutron star mergers projected for Ligo-Virgo-Kagra Observing run 5. We conclude that while they may be a contaminant, they can be photometrically identified.
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