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Associations of Maternal Salivary Cortisol and Psychological Symptoms With Human Milk’s Microbiome Composition

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Title: Associations of Maternal Salivary Cortisol and Psychological Symptoms With Human Milk’s Microbiome Composition
Authors: Deflorin, Nadia, Ehlert, Ulrike, Amiel Castro, Rita Tatiana
Contributors: University of Zurich, Amiel Castro, Rita Tatiana
Source: Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine. 87:33-45
Publisher Information: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2025.
Publication Year: 2025
Subject Terms: Adult, Milk, Human, Hydrocortisone, 10093 Institute of Psychology, prenatal psychological symptoms, Depression, Microbiota, Postpartum Period, prenatal salivary cortisol, maternal mental health, Anxiety, 3202 Applied Psychology, breast milk glucocorticoids, 2738 Psychiatry and Mental Health, breast milk microbiota, Pregnancy, Humans, Female, 150 Psychology, Saliva, Stress, Psychological
Description: Objective Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of infant nutrition with many benefits for the infant. However, pregnancy changes can lead to increased stress in some women, which might affect HM composition. Although studies have demonstrated a link between maternal psychopathology and child development, it remains unclear how maternal psychobiological changes can be intergenerationally transmitted. We aimed to investigate the associations of maternal stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms with the HM microbiome; to analyze these parameters in relation to HM glucocorticoid concentrations; and to explore the influence of HM glucocorticoids on HM bacterial composition. Methods One hundred women completed psychological questionnaires (e.g., EPDS, STAI, GAS) at 34–36 weeks’ gestation and in the early postpartum period and provided saliva at 34–36 and 38 weeks’ gestation. HM samples were collected in the early postpartum. Microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results Birth anxiety was negatively correlated with Alphaproteobacteria (τ = −0.20, FDR = 0.01), whereas in the postpartum period, anxiety symptoms were negatively correlated with different taxa. The sum of postpartum-related symptoms was linked to lower Propionibacteriales. Salivary cortisol AUCg at 34–36 weeks was negatively correlated with Stenotrophomonas (τ = −0.24, FDR = 0.05), whereas HM cortisol was positively correlated with Streptococcus mitis (τ = 0.26, FDR = 0.03) and Gemella haemolysans (τ = 0.24, FDR = 0.02). No associations emerged between psychobiological parameters and HM glucocorticoids. Conclusions Higher perinatal psychological symptoms and prenatal salivary cortisol AUCg were associated with lower relative abundances of different bacteria, whereas higher HM cortisol was linked to higher Gemella and Streptococcus. These findings suggest a negative association between high maternal psychobiological symptoms and relative abundances of the milk microbiota.
Document Type: Article
Other literature type
File Description: associations_of_maternal_salivary_cortisol_and.5.pdf - application/pdf
Language: English
ISSN: 2998-8756
2998-8748
DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001351
DOI: 10.5167/uzh-279052
Access URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39701568
Rights: CC BY NC ND
Accession Number: edsair.doi.dedup.....1671f12bafaa43f9f688724f98fdeaef
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  Data: Associations of Maternal Salivary Cortisol and Psychological Symptoms With Human Milk’s Microbiome Composition
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Deflorin%2C+Nadia%22">Deflorin, Nadia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ehlert%2C+Ulrike%22">Ehlert, Ulrike</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amiel+Castro%2C+Rita+Tatiana%22">Amiel Castro, Rita Tatiana</searchLink>
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  Data: University of Zurich<br />Amiel Castro, Rita Tatiana
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  Data: <i>Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine</i>. 87:33-45
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  Data: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2025.
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Milk%2C+Human%22">Milk, Human</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrocortisone%22">Hydrocortisone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%2210093+Institute+of+Psychology%22">10093 Institute of Psychology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22prenatal+psychological+symptoms%22">prenatal psychological symptoms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Depression%22">Depression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microbiota%22">Microbiota</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Postpartum+Period%22">Postpartum Period</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22prenatal+salivary+cortisol%22">prenatal salivary cortisol</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22maternal+mental+health%22">maternal mental health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%223202+Applied+Psychology%22">3202 Applied Psychology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22breast+milk+glucocorticoids%22">breast milk glucocorticoids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%222738+Psychiatry+and+Mental+Health%22">2738 Psychiatry and Mental Health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22breast+milk+microbiota%22">breast milk microbiota</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pregnancy%22">Pregnancy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22150+Psychology%22">150 Psychology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Saliva%22">Saliva</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stress%2C+Psychological%22">Stress, Psychological</searchLink>
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  Label: Description
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  Data: Objective Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of infant nutrition with many benefits for the infant. However, pregnancy changes can lead to increased stress in some women, which might affect HM composition. Although studies have demonstrated a link between maternal psychopathology and child development, it remains unclear how maternal psychobiological changes can be intergenerationally transmitted. We aimed to investigate the associations of maternal stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms with the HM microbiome; to analyze these parameters in relation to HM glucocorticoid concentrations; and to explore the influence of HM glucocorticoids on HM bacterial composition. Methods One hundred women completed psychological questionnaires (e.g., EPDS, STAI, GAS) at 34–36 weeks’ gestation and in the early postpartum period and provided saliva at 34–36 and 38 weeks’ gestation. HM samples were collected in the early postpartum. Microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results Birth anxiety was negatively correlated with Alphaproteobacteria (τ = −0.20, FDR = 0.01), whereas in the postpartum period, anxiety symptoms were negatively correlated with different taxa. The sum of postpartum-related symptoms was linked to lower Propionibacteriales. Salivary cortisol AUCg at 34–36 weeks was negatively correlated with Stenotrophomonas (τ = −0.24, FDR = 0.05), whereas HM cortisol was positively correlated with Streptococcus mitis (τ = 0.26, FDR = 0.03) and Gemella haemolysans (τ = 0.24, FDR = 0.02). No associations emerged between psychobiological parameters and HM glucocorticoids. Conclusions Higher perinatal psychological symptoms and prenatal salivary cortisol AUCg were associated with lower relative abundances of different bacteria, whereas higher HM cortisol was linked to higher Gemella and Streptococcus. These findings suggest a negative association between high maternal psychobiological symptoms and relative abundances of the milk microbiota.
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  Data: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001351
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        Value: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001351
    Languages:
      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 33
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Adult
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Milk, Human
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      – SubjectFull: Hydrocortisone
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      – SubjectFull: 10093 Institute of Psychology
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: 3202 Applied Psychology
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      – SubjectFull: breast milk glucocorticoids
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      – SubjectFull: Stress, Psychological
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Associations of Maternal Salivary Cortisol and Psychological Symptoms With Human Milk’s Microbiome Composition
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