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Microscopic and Crystallographic Analysis of Increased Acid Resistance of Melted Dental Enamel Using 445 nm Diode Laser: An Ex-Vivo Study.

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Název: Microscopic and Crystallographic Analysis of Increased Acid Resistance of Melted Dental Enamel Using 445 nm Diode Laser: An Ex-Vivo Study.
Autoři: Nammour, Samir, El Mobadder, Marwan, Brugnera, Aldo, Arany, Praveen, El Feghali, Mireille, Nahas, Paul, Vanheusden, Alain
Zdroj: Dentistry Journal; Aug2025, Vol. 13 Issue 8, p376, 17p
Témata: DENTAL enamel, SCANNING electron microscopy, PHASE transitions, CORROSION resistance, X-ray diffraction, IN vitro studies, ANALYTICAL chemistry, SEMICONDUCTOR lasers
Abstrakt: Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a 445 nm diode laser in enhancing enamel resistance to acid-induced demineralization and to investigate the associated compositional and structural modifications using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallographic analysis. Methods: A total of 126 extracted human teeth were used. A total of 135 (n = 135) enamel discs (4 × 4 mm) from 90 teeth were assigned to either a laser-irradiated group or an untreated control group for SEM, ESCA, and XRD analyses. Additionally, 24 mono-rooted teeth were used to measure pulp temperature changes during laser application. Laser irradiation was performed using a 445 nm diode laser with a pulse width of 200 ms, a repetition rate of 1 Hz, power of 1.25 W, an energy density of 800 J/cm2, a power density of 3980 W/cm2, and a 200 µm activated fiber. Following acid etching, SEM was conducted to assess microstructural and ionic alterations. The ESCA was used to evaluate the Ca/P ratio, and XRD analyses were performed on enamel powders to determine changes in phase composition and crystal lattice parameters. Results: The laser protocol demonstrated thermal safety, with minimal pulp chamber temperature elevation (0.05667 ± 0.04131 °C). SEM showed that laser-treated enamel had a smoother surface morphology and reduced acid-induced erosion compared with controls. Results of the ESCA revealed no significant difference in the Ca/P ratio between groups. XRD confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite structure in laser-treated enamel and detected an additional diffraction peak corresponding to a pyrophosphate phase, potentially enhancing acid resistance. Results of the spectral analysis showed the absence of α-TCP and β-TCP phases and a reduction in the carbonate content in the laser group. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the a-axis lattice parameter suggested lattice compaction in laser-treated enamel. Conclusions: Irradiation with a 445 nm diode laser effectively enhances enamel resistance to acid demineralization. This improvement may be attributed to chemical modifications, particularly pyrophosphate phase formation, and structural changes including prism-less enamel formation, surface fusion, and decreased permeability. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of laser-induced enhancement of acid resistance in enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Dentistry Journal is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Microscopic and Crystallographic Analysis of Increased Acid Resistance of Melted Dental Enamel Using 445 nm Diode Laser: An Ex-Vivo Study.
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  Data: Dentistry Journal; Aug2025, Vol. 13 Issue 8, p376, 17p
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DENTAL+enamel%22">DENTAL enamel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SCANNING+electron+microscopy%22">SCANNING electron microscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22PHASE+transitions%22">PHASE transitions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CORROSION+resistance%22">CORROSION resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22X-ray+diffraction%22">X-ray diffraction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22IN+vitro+studies%22">IN vitro studies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ANALYTICAL+chemistry%22">ANALYTICAL chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SEMICONDUCTOR+lasers%22">SEMICONDUCTOR lasers</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a 445 nm diode laser in enhancing enamel resistance to acid-induced demineralization and to investigate the associated compositional and structural modifications using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallographic analysis. Methods: A total of 126 extracted human teeth were used. A total of 135 (n = 135) enamel discs (4 × 4 mm) from 90 teeth were assigned to either a laser-irradiated group or an untreated control group for SEM, ESCA, and XRD analyses. Additionally, 24 mono-rooted teeth were used to measure pulp temperature changes during laser application. Laser irradiation was performed using a 445 nm diode laser with a pulse width of 200 ms, a repetition rate of 1 Hz, power of 1.25 W, an energy density of 800 J/cm<superscript>2</superscript>, a power density of 3980 W/cm<superscript>2</superscript>, and a 200 µm activated fiber. Following acid etching, SEM was conducted to assess microstructural and ionic alterations. The ESCA was used to evaluate the Ca/P ratio, and XRD analyses were performed on enamel powders to determine changes in phase composition and crystal lattice parameters. Results: The laser protocol demonstrated thermal safety, with minimal pulp chamber temperature elevation (0.05667 ± 0.04131 °C). SEM showed that laser-treated enamel had a smoother surface morphology and reduced acid-induced erosion compared with controls. Results of the ESCA revealed no significant difference in the Ca/P ratio between groups. XRD confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite structure in laser-treated enamel and detected an additional diffraction peak corresponding to a pyrophosphate phase, potentially enhancing acid resistance. Results of the spectral analysis showed the absence of α-TCP and β-TCP phases and a reduction in the carbonate content in the laser group. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the a-axis lattice parameter suggested lattice compaction in laser-treated enamel. Conclusions: Irradiation with a 445 nm diode laser effectively enhances enamel resistance to acid demineralization. This improvement may be attributed to chemical modifications, particularly pyrophosphate phase formation, and structural changes including prism-less enamel formation, surface fusion, and decreased permeability. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of laser-induced enhancement of acid resistance in enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Dentistry Journal is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/dj13080376
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 376
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: DENTAL enamel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: SCANNING electron microscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: PHASE transitions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: CORROSION resistance
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      – SubjectFull: X-ray diffraction
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      – SubjectFull: IN vitro studies
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      – SubjectFull: ANALYTICAL chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: SEMICONDUCTOR lasers
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Microscopic and Crystallographic Analysis of Increased Acid Resistance of Melted Dental Enamel Using 445 nm Diode Laser: An Ex-Vivo Study.
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              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
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