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Automated Machine Learning-Based Prediction of the Effects of Physicochemical Properties and External Experimental Conditions on Cadmium Adsorption by Biochar.

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Bibliographic Details
Title:	Automated Machine Learning-Based Prediction of the Effects of Physicochemical Properties and External Experimental Conditions on Cadmium Adsorption by Biochar.
Authors:	Wang, Shuoyang, Song, Xiangyu, Duan, Jicheng, Li, Shuo, Gao, Dangdang, Liu, Jia, Meng, Fanjing, Yang, Wen, Yu, Shixin, Wang, Fangshu, Xu, Jie, Luo, Siyi, Zhao, Fangchao, Chen, Dong
Source:	Water (20734441); Aug2025, Vol. 17 Issue 15, p2266, 24p
Subject Terms:	BIOCHAR, METAL ion absorption & adsorption, FEATURE selection, CHEMICAL properties, GRAPHICAL user interfaces, MACHINE learning, MATHEMATICAL optimization
Abstract:	Biochar serves as an effective adsorbent for the heavy metal cadmium, with its performance significantly influenced by its physicochemical properties and various environmental features. Traditional machine learning models, though adept at managing complex multi-feature relationships, rely heavily on expertise in feature engineering and hyperparameter optimization. To address these issues, this study employs an automated machine learning (AutoML) approach, automating feature selection and model optimization, coupled with an intuitive online graphical user interface, enhancing accessibility and generalizability. Comparative analysis of four AutoML frameworks (TPOT, FLAML, AutoGluon, H2O AutoML) demonstrated that H2O AutoML achieved the highest prediction accuracy (R² = 0.918). Key features influencing adsorption performance were identified as initial cadmium concentration (23%), stirring rate (14.7%), and the biochar H/C ratio (9.7%). Additionally, the maximum adsorption capacity of the biochar was determined to be 105 mg/g. Optimal production conditions for biochar were determined to be a pyrolysis temperature of 570–800 °C, a residence time of ≥2 h, and a heating rate of 3–10 °C/min to achieve an H/C ratio of <0.2. An online graphical user interface was developed to facilitate user interaction with the model. This study not only provides practical guidelines for optimizing biochar but also introduces a novel approach to modeling using AutoML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Copyright of Water (20734441) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database:	Biomedical Index

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