APA (7th ed.) Citation

Rauf, H., Khan, U., Bashatah, J. A., & Zaib, A. (2026). Efficient multilingual spam detection on resource-constrained devices: A comparative analysis of QLoRA fine-tuning of Gemma 3, Qwen 3, and Llama 3.2 models. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 12(3), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-026-02247-x

Chicago Style (17th ed.) Citation

Rauf, Hamza, Umair Khan, Jomana A. Bashatah, and Aurang Zaib. "Efficient Multilingual Spam Detection on Resource-constrained Devices: A Comparative Analysis of QLoRA Fine-tuning of Gemma 3, Qwen 3, and Llama 3.2 Models." Complex & Intelligent Systems 12, no. 3 (2026): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-026-02247-x.

MLA (9th ed.) Citation

Rauf, Hamza, et al. "Efficient Multilingual Spam Detection on Resource-constrained Devices: A Comparative Analysis of QLoRA Fine-tuning of Gemma 3, Qwen 3, and Llama 3.2 Models." Complex & Intelligent Systems, vol. 12, no. 3, 2026, pp. 1-26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-026-02247-x.