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Mung bean seed classification based on multimodal features and Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble learning model.

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Title: Mung bean seed classification based on multimodal features and Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble learning model.
Authors: Song, Shaozhong, Leng, Fengwei, Fang, Ming, An, Xiaofeng, Cai, Yaxin
Source: PLoS ONE; 1/5/2026, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p1-19, 19p
Subject Terms: MUNG bean, ENSEMBLE learning, OPTIMIZATION algorithms, MACHINE learning, RAMAN spectroscopy, SEED development, AGRICULTURAL technology
Abstract: Accurate classification of mung bean seeds is essential for enhancing both their nutritional value and crop yields. However, current methods are limited, primarily due to the time-consuming and inaccurate classification process resulting from a lack of diverse dataset features. To overcome these challenges, this study develops a multimodal dataset that integrates Raman spectral features and image-based features through early fusion. Furthermore, the classification of mung bean seed varieties is achieved in a rapid, accurate, and non-destructive manner by optimizing a stacking ensemble learning model using the Kepler Optimization Algorithm (KOA). The multimodal dataset comprises 59 features, selected using the Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) method. Specifically, 44 key features are extracted from 700 Raman spectral data points, while 15 key features are derived from 43 image numerical features. The study also used the Kepler Optimization Algorithm to optimize the parameters of various machine learning models, including Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT). By constructing a stacking ensemble learning model, the research effectively leverages the strengths of multiple classifiers, thereby enhancing the overall classification performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves mung bean seed classification accuracy, with the Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble model achieving an accuracy of 90.71%. This represents a 3.24% improvement over KOA-RF and a 1.59% improvement over KOA-GBDT. In comparison to baseline models, the proposed method proves to be more efficient. This study underscores the potential of combining multimodal features with a Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble learning model for mung bean seed classification. It highlights the role of advanced artificial intelligence techniques in agricultural production and provides valuable technical support for the precise classification of mung bean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: Mung bean seed classification based on multimodal features and Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble learning model.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Shaozhong%22">Song, Shaozhong</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Leng%2C+Fengwei%22">Leng, Fengwei</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fang%2C+Ming%22">Fang, Ming</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22An%2C+Xiaofeng%22">An, Xiaofeng</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cai%2C+Yaxin%22">Cai, Yaxin</searchLink>
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  Data: PLoS ONE; 1/5/2026, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p1-19, 19p
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  Data: Accurate classification of mung bean seeds is essential for enhancing both their nutritional value and crop yields. However, current methods are limited, primarily due to the time-consuming and inaccurate classification process resulting from a lack of diverse dataset features. To overcome these challenges, this study develops a multimodal dataset that integrates Raman spectral features and image-based features through early fusion. Furthermore, the classification of mung bean seed varieties is achieved in a rapid, accurate, and non-destructive manner by optimizing a stacking ensemble learning model using the Kepler Optimization Algorithm (KOA). The multimodal dataset comprises 59 features, selected using the Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) method. Specifically, 44 key features are extracted from 700 Raman spectral data points, while 15 key features are derived from 43 image numerical features. The study also used the Kepler Optimization Algorithm to optimize the parameters of various machine learning models, including Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT). By constructing a stacking ensemble learning model, the research effectively leverages the strengths of multiple classifiers, thereby enhancing the overall classification performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves mung bean seed classification accuracy, with the Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble model achieving an accuracy of 90.71%. This represents a 3.24% improvement over KOA-RF and a 1.59% improvement over KOA-GBDT. In comparison to baseline models, the proposed method proves to be more efficient. This study underscores the potential of combining multimodal features with a Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble learning model for mung bean seed classification. It highlights the role of advanced artificial intelligence techniques in agricultural production and provides valuable technical support for the precise classification of mung bean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1371/journal.pone.0338928
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: MUNG bean
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      – SubjectFull: SEED development
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      – SubjectFull: AGRICULTURAL technology
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              Text: 1/5/2026
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