Methodology for the assessment of leaf area in fruit tree orchards using a terrestrial LiDAR-based system.

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Title: Methodology for the assessment of leaf area in fruit tree orchards using a terrestrial LiDAR-based system.
Authors: Lavaquiol-Colell, Bernat, Llorens-Calveras, Jordi, Sanz, Ricardo, Torrent, Xavier, Plata, José M., Escolà, Alexandre
Source: Precision Agriculture; Dec2025, Vol. 26 Issue 6, p1-27, 27p
Abstract: Accurate estimation of canopy geometric and structural characteristics, such as leaf area (LA), is essential for improving resource efficiency in fruit tree crop management. LA is a key biophysical parameter, influencing physiological processes like carbon fixation, evapotranspiration, and light interception, as well as fruit quality and yield. However, its measurement is complex due to the substantial number of leaves and the three-dimensional nature of tree canopies.An alternative approach, the Projected Tree Row Surface (PTRS), has shown a strong correlation with LA and has been recognized by the scientific community. Despite its robustness, the original PTRS method requires time-consuming manual data collection, which limits its practical application in the field.This study introduces a novel automated methodology for calculating the PTRS, validated using high-resolution ground-truth data providing LA values at 0.1-m intervals along the tree rows. When evaluated on almond, pear, and apple trees as well as vineyards, the method achieved remarkably high correlations between PTRS and LA, with coefficients up to r = 0.97 and r = 0.99 at optimal resolutions (0.1 –0.2 m PTRS per 1 m row section). These results demonstrate that the approach delivers consistent and reliable measurements of LA under diverse field conditions, enabling real-time, high-resolution assessment of tree-row canopies.The automated PTRSn approach enables fast and efficient LA estimation and can be adapted to any point cloud dataset. It supports flexible resolution to balance accuracy and processing time and can be applied to full rows, individual trees, or canopy segments. This methodology represents a step forward in automating LA assessment and supports the development of real-time applications in precision agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Precision Agriculture is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Precision Agriculture; Dec2025, Vol. 26 Issue 6, p1-27, 27p
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Accurate estimation of canopy geometric and structural characteristics, such as leaf area (LA), is essential for improving resource efficiency in fruit tree crop management. LA is a key biophysical parameter, influencing physiological processes like carbon fixation, evapotranspiration, and light interception, as well as fruit quality and yield. However, its measurement is complex due to the substantial number of leaves and the three-dimensional nature of tree canopies.An alternative approach, the Projected Tree Row Surface (PTRS), has shown a strong correlation with LA and has been recognized by the scientific community. Despite its robustness, the original PTRS method requires time-consuming manual data collection, which limits its practical application in the field.This study introduces a novel automated methodology for calculating the PTRS, validated using high-resolution ground-truth data providing LA values at 0.1-m intervals along the tree rows. When evaluated on almond, pear, and apple trees as well as vineyards, the method achieved remarkably high correlations between PTRS and LA, with coefficients up to r = 0.97 and r = 0.99 at optimal resolutions (0.1 –0.2 m PTRS per 1 m row section). These results demonstrate that the approach delivers consistent and reliable measurements of LA under diverse field conditions, enabling real-time, high-resolution assessment of tree-row canopies.The automated PTRS<subscript>n</subscript> approach enables fast and efficient LA estimation and can be adapted to any point cloud dataset. It supports flexible resolution to balance accuracy and processing time and can be applied to full rows, individual trees, or canopy segments. This methodology represents a step forward in automating LA assessment and supports the development of real-time applications in precision agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Precision Agriculture is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11119-025-10296-4
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        Text: English
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              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
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