Real-Time Phishing Detection for Brand Protection Using Temporal Convolutional Network-Driven URL Sequence Modeling.
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| Title: | Real-Time Phishing Detection for Brand Protection Using Temporal Convolutional Network-Driven URL Sequence Modeling. |
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| Authors: | Alorvor, Marie-Laure E., Dadkhah, Sajjad |
| Source: | Electronics (2079-9292); Sep2025, Vol. 14 Issue 18, p3746, 39p |
| Subject Terms: | PHISHING, CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks, INTERNET security, MACHINE learning, TRADEMARKS |
| Abstract: | Phishing, especially brand impersonation attacks, is a critical cybersecurity threat that harms user trust and organization security. This paper establishes a lightweight model for real-time detection that relies on URL-only sequences, addressing limitations for multimodal methods that leverage HTML, images, or metadata. This approach is based on a Temporal Convolutional Network with Attention (TCNWithAttention) that utilizes character-level URLs to capture both local and long-range dependencies, while providing interpretability with attention visualization and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The model was trained and tested on the balanced GramBeddings dataset (800,000 URLs) and validated on the PhiUSIIL dataset of real-world phishing URLs. The model achieved 97.54% accuracy on the GramBeddings dataset, and 81% recall on the PhiUSIIL dataset. The model demonstrated strong generalization, fast inference, and CPU-only deployability. It outperformed CNN, BiLSTM and BERT baselines. Explanations highlighted phishing indicators, such as deceptive subdomains, brand impersonation, and suspicious tokens. It also affirmed real patterns in the legitimate domains. To our knowledge, a Streamlit application to facilitate single and batch URL analysis and log feedback to maintain usability is the first phishing detection framework to integrate TCN, attention, and SHAP, bridging academic innovation with practical cybersecurity techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Database: | Complementary Index |
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