Zobraziť v EDS

Incubation periods and mortality outcomes following rabies virus infection in mesocarnivorous reservoir hosts: implications for experimental design and veterinary policy - a review and meta-analysis.

Uložené v:
Podrobná bibliografia
Názov: Incubation periods and mortality outcomes following rabies virus infection in mesocarnivorous reservoir hosts: implications for experimental design and veterinary policy - a review and meta-analysis.
Autori: Müller T; Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems,, Germany. Thomas.Mueller@fli.de., Denzin N; Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems,, Germany., Vos A; Ceva Santé Animale, Ceva Tiergesundheit (Riems) GmbH, An der Wiek 7, 17493 - Greifswald,, Germany., Freuling C; Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems,, Germany.
Zdroj: Virology journal [Virol J] 2025 Nov 14; Vol. 22 (1), pp. 374. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 14.
Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review
Jazyk: English
Informácie o časopise: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101231645 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1743-422X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1743422X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Virol J Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [London] : BioMed Central, 2004-
Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Rabies*/mortality , Rabies*/veterinary , Rabies*/virology , Rabies*/prevention & control , Rabies virus*/immunology , Rabies virus*/physiology , Disease Reservoirs*/virology , Disease Reservoirs*/veterinary , Infectious Disease Incubation Period*, Animals ; Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Rabies Vaccines/immunology ; Research Design
Abstrakt: Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests : The authors declare no competing interests.
Background: Efficacy studies are part of the regulatory requirements for obtaining marketing authorization for rabies virus vaccines intended for veterinary use. However, increasing emphasis on animal welfare and the application of the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) may prompt a critical reassessment of current standards for such studies. A substantial amount of data from numerous published experimental studies is available, which could be used to reconsider or refine existing specifications and protocols-particularly concerning observation periods post-infection (pi) and dose-finding studies.
Methods: To support this reassessment, we analyzed data from 289 published experimental studies. These studies covered both susceptibility and efficacy investigations across 16 mesocarnivorous target species considered for parenteral or oral rabies vaccination. The species represented seven taxonomic families or orders: Canidae, Didelphidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Mephitidae, Musteloidea, and Procyonidae. The dataset included 1,171 records encompassing a total of 8,381 animals that had been vaccinated with either rabies virus (RABV) or non-RABV lyssaviruses. Parametric distributions (log-normal, Weibull, and gamma) were fitted to incubation periods to examine group differences. Additionally, multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify key variables influencing incubation duration, post-infection survival, and inter-species differences among reservoir hosts.
Results: The analyses revealed that viral strain, inoculation dose, and application site were consistently associated with incubation period length and mortality across most taxonomic groups. These variables significantly influenced incubation periods and survival rates post-infection. Notable differences were also observed between reservoir host species, highlighting the importance of species-specific factors in study design and interpretation.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, in alignment with the 3Rs principle, existing animal models used in rabies vaccine efficacy research can be reconsidered and potentially refined. These refinements may not only enhance scientific validity but also contribute to ethical improvements in study design. Furthermore, the results may inform future risk assessments related to the importation of pets from rabies-endemic regions and support more humane, evidence-based approaches to vaccine evaluation.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)
References: J Wildl Dis. 1992 Oct;28(4):629-35. (PMID: 1474662)
EFSA J. 2022 Jun 02;20(6):e07350. (PMID: 35662806)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Aug 20;9(8):e0004023. (PMID: 26292099)
Vaccine. 1996 Apr;14(6):465-8. (PMID: 8782341)
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013 Jun 24;368(1623):20120142. (PMID: 23798690)
Vet Res. 1999 Nov-Dec;30(6):607-13. (PMID: 10596408)
Vet Microbiol. 1993 Dec;38(1-2):167-72. (PMID: 8128598)
Ann Rech Vet. 1979;10(1):9-21. (PMID: 539779)
Bull World Health Organ. 1954;10(5):725-9. (PMID: 13182593)
J Infect Dis. 1974 Apr;129(4):456-60. (PMID: 4206247)
J Wildl Dis. 2006 Jul;42(3):663-6. (PMID: 17092899)
Oncotarget. 2015 Nov 17;6(36):38504-16. (PMID: 26436700)
Can J Vet Res. 1988 Jan;52(1):58-62. (PMID: 3280109)
Can J Comp Med. 1970 Oct;34(4):309-11. (PMID: 4249093)
Am J Vet Res. 2002 Aug;63(8):1096-100. (PMID: 12171160)
Lab Invest. 1979 Jul;41(1):36-44. (PMID: 376938)
Am J Epidemiol. 1972 Sep;96(3):231-5. (PMID: 4560807)
Am J Vet Res. 1998 Dec;59(12):1629-32. (PMID: 9858418)
Vet Med (Praha). 1995 Mar;40(3):87-96. (PMID: 7762124)
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1958 Jun 3;70(3):467-77; discussion 477-9. (PMID: 13559910)
Can J Vet Res. 1997 Jan;61(1):39-42. (PMID: 9008799)
Ann Rech Vet. 1985;16(4):327-33. (PMID: 4091486)
Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1982 Sep;29(8):604-18. (PMID: 7180249)
Vaccine. 2009 Nov 27;27(51):7194-7. (PMID: 19925952)
Vet Pathol. 1973;10(6):534-49. (PMID: 4214315)
Vaccine. 1992;10(3):192-7. (PMID: 1557935)
Can J Comp Med. 1984 Jan;48(1):72-7. (PMID: 6370390)
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1977 Sep;155(4):540-8. (PMID: 896802)
Rev Argent Microbiol. 1979 Sep-Dec;11(3):102-7. (PMID: 263180)
Acta Vet Hung. 2001;49(3):285-90. (PMID: 11702339)
Vaccine. 2008 Dec 2;26(51):6564-8. (PMID: 18848596)
Am J Vet Res. 1968 Sep;29(9):1843-7. (PMID: 5673517)
Can J Vet Res. 1989 Oct;53(4):434-7. (PMID: 2590870)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1963 Feb 15;142:367-70. (PMID: 14026140)
Am J Vet Res. 1964 May;25:756-63. (PMID: 14141518)
J Wildl Dis. 2007 Jan;43(1):124-8. (PMID: 17347402)
Can Vet J. 1973 Sep;14(9):206-11. (PMID: 4755271)
N Engl J Med. 1991 Jan 24;324(4):205-11. (PMID: 1985241)
Viruses. 2019 Aug 27;11(9):. (PMID: 31461981)
Arch Virol. 1992;123(1-2):169-79. (PMID: 1550495)
Emerg Infect Dis. 2023 Dec;29(12):2541-2545. (PMID: 37987590)
Vaccine. 2024 Mar 19;42(8):1855-1859. (PMID: 37866997)
Vet Ther. 2006 Fall;7(3):223-31. (PMID: 17039445)
Vet Med (Praha). 1986 Feb;31(2):123-8. (PMID: 3083568)
Ann Rech Vet. 1985;16(3):289-92. (PMID: 3904578)
Bull Acad Natl Med. 1997 Feb;181(2):301-11; discussion 311-2. (PMID: 9235229)
Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jan;27(116):24-32. (PMID: 5913032)
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1987;10(3-4):227-35. (PMID: 3427891)
J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2011 Mar;50(2):248-51. (PMID: 21439220)
PLoS One. 2014 Feb 03;9(2):e87105. (PMID: 24498294)
J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2001 Apr;48(3):179-83. (PMID: 11393813)
Vaccine. 1991 Sep;9(9):611-2. (PMID: 1950093)
Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1970 Aug;119(2):260-9. (PMID: 4917998)
Am J Epidemiol. 1971 Jun;93(6):487-90. (PMID: 4935086)
Vaccine. 2001 Feb 8;19(13-14):1827-35. (PMID: 11166908)
J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2004 Sep;51(7):327-32. (PMID: 15525359)
Z Hyg Infektionskr. 1956;142(4):363-70. (PMID: 13338448)
Adv Virus Res. 2011;79:165-202. (PMID: 21601048)
Dev Biol (Basel). 2008;131:177-85. (PMID: 18634478)
Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1959 Feb;23(2):50-5. (PMID: 17649117)
J Wildl Dis. 1990 Apr;26(2):225-30. (PMID: 2338727)
Antiviral Res. 2017 Jul;143:1-12. (PMID: 28385500)
Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Jan 30;11(2):. (PMID: 36851185)
Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1985 May;9(1):13-22. (PMID: 4024449)
Arch Virol. 1988;99(3-4):187-203. (PMID: 3369944)
Am J Vet Res. 1965 Jan;26:33-8. (PMID: 14266932)
Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jan;27(116):13-5. (PMID: 5913020)
Can J Comp Med. 1979 Apr;43(2):168-72. (PMID: 497886)
J Exp Med. 1940 Apr 30;71(5):719-30. (PMID: 19870993)
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1982;5(1-3):181-4. (PMID: 7128067)
Can Vet J. 1964 Nov;5(11):279-86. (PMID: 17421745)
Vet Microbiol. 1990 Jun;23(1-4):227-36. (PMID: 2205969)
J Wildl Dis. 1975 Jul;11(3):318-24. (PMID: 1097742)
Rev Sci Tech. 2018 Aug;37(2):559-568. (PMID: 30747125)
Microbes Infect. 2006 Apr;8(4):1090-7. (PMID: 16524754)
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1982;5(1-3):71-8. (PMID: 7128100)
Vaccine. 2018 Aug 6;36(32 Pt B):4919-4926. (PMID: 30037482)
Can J Vet Res. 1987 Jul;51(3):363-6. (PMID: 3651890)
Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1993 Dec;60(4):459-62. (PMID: 7777336)
Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1965 Apr;29:97-101. (PMID: 14281077)
Dev Biol (Basel). 2004;119:173-84. (PMID: 15742629)
Curr Opin Virol. 2018 Feb;28:68-73. (PMID: 29182939)
Animals (Basel). 2019 Sep 30;9(10):. (PMID: 31575048)
Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1942 Dec;32(12):1380-2. (PMID: 18015715)
Vet Rec. 1997 Jan 18;140(3):57-9. (PMID: 9023904)
Prev Vet Med. 2016 Jan 1;123:102-105. (PMID: 26688561)
Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1969 Aug;64(8):675-9. (PMID: 5193899)
Can J Microbiol. 1983 Jan;29(1):77-83. (PMID: 6831313)
J Virol. 1992 May;66(5):2601-4. (PMID: 1560518)
J Wildl Dis. 2002 Apr;38(2):420-7. (PMID: 12038142)
Vet Microbiol. 2007 Jul 20;123(1-3):15-25. (PMID: 17449202)
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2022 Oct;97(5):1823-1843. (PMID: 35580905)
Am J Vet Res. 1960 May;21:507-10. (PMID: 13797881)
Vaccine. 1991 Mar;9(3):190-3. (PMID: 2042391)
Vaccine. 2014 Jun 17;32(29):3675-9. (PMID: 24814554)
J Wildl Dis. 2018 Jan;54(1):122-132. (PMID: 29077542)
Arch Virol. 1982;71(2):109-26. (PMID: 7039557)
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1972 Oct 15;85(20):381-4. (PMID: 4674476)
Am J Vet Res. 1965 Jan;26:24-32. (PMID: 14266931)
J Wildl Dis. 2011 Oct;47(4):1032-5. (PMID: 22102679)
Arch Virol. 2017 Nov;162(11):3363-3370. (PMID: 28766059)
J Wildl Dis. 2018 Jul;54(3):520-527. (PMID: 29595380)
Acta Virol. 1965 May;9:235-9. (PMID: 14328222)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(20):7947-50. (PMID: 3464010)
J Wildl Dis. 2012 Oct;48(4):1010-20. (PMID: 23060502)
Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1993 Dec;60(4):477-8. (PMID: 7777339)
Risk Anal. 2012 Oct;32(10):1769-83. (PMID: 22486335)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975 Nov 1;167(9):809-12. (PMID: 1237485)
Am J Vet Res. 1962 Sep;23:1041-7. (PMID: 13912773)
Vet Microbiol. 1988 Oct;18(2):103-8. (PMID: 3218072)
Zoonoses Public Health. 2024 Jun;71(4):402-415. (PMID: 38317287)
J Immunol. 1950 Mar;64(3):185-96. (PMID: 15412249)
Int J Zoonoses. 1982 Jun;9(1):1-11. (PMID: 6757169)
Vaccine. 2007 Oct 16;25(42):7296-300. (PMID: 17826874)
Lab Invest. 1980 Sep;43(3):231-41. (PMID: 6995713)
PLoS One. 2017 Oct 4;12(10):e0184831. (PMID: 28977009)
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1974 Aug 1;87(15):295-8. (PMID: 4848722)
Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 9;7(1):12818. (PMID: 28993633)
Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Feb;9(2):151-4. (PMID: 12603983)
Acta Neuropathol. 1996;91(1):89-98. (PMID: 8773152)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Dec 2;13(12):e0007911. (PMID: 31790413)
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1979 Jan 15;92(2):27-9. (PMID: 760729)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1957 Jan 15;130(2):61-3. (PMID: 13416058)
J Wildl Dis. 1993 Jul;29(3):475-7. (PMID: 8355351)
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Nov 30;3:17091. (PMID: 29188797)
Ann Rech Vet. 1991;22(1):77-93. (PMID: 2042909)
JAMA. 1963 Jun 1;184:705-8. (PMID: 13996482)
Arch Environ Health. 1972 Oct;25(4):246-52. (PMID: 5055675)
Lancet Microbe. 2023 Jun;4(6):e409-e417. (PMID: 37084751)
Lab Anim. 2024 Oct;58(5):419-426. (PMID: 39365005)
Vet Med (Praha). 1981 Apr;26(4):233-46. (PMID: 6791357)
Can J Vet Res. 1990 Jan;54(1):178-83. (PMID: 2306670)
Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jan;27(116):33-8. (PMID: 5913037)
Dev Biol (Basel). 2008;131:257-64. (PMID: 18634487)
Vaccine. 1993;11(9):925-8. (PMID: 8212838)
Am J Vet Res. 1989 Mar;50(3):364-7. (PMID: 2930023)
Adv Prev Med. 2011;2011:898171. (PMID: 21991446)
Acta Virol. 1963 Nov;7:554-60. (PMID: 14098071)
Sci Adv. 2020 Aug 14;6(33):eabc1202. (PMID: 32851189)
Vet Microbiol. 2006 Oct 5;117(1):80-5. (PMID: 16723198)
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1970 Mar;83(5):81-7. (PMID: 5439507)
Public Health Rep (1896). 1968 Apr;83(4):303-16. (PMID: 4967120)
Lancet Neurol. 2013 May;12(5):498-513. (PMID: 23602163)
Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2016 Jan;5(1):60-9. (PMID: 26866025)
Vaccine. 2001 Aug 14;19(31):4511-8. (PMID: 11483278)
PLoS Pathog. 2014 Nov 06;10(11):e1004395. (PMID: 25375777)
J Gen Virol. 1989 Jun;70 ( Pt 6):1601-4. (PMID: 2732723)
Can Vet J. 1967 Oct;8(10):221-7. (PMID: 6073885)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Apr 16;9(4):e0003709. (PMID: 25881058)
Acta Neuropathol. 1997 Jul;94(1):73-7. (PMID: 9224533)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025 Jul 18;263(10):1310-1317. (PMID: 40683310)
Dev Comp Immunol. 2007;31(2):188-201. (PMID: 16870251)
J Wildl Dis. 1995 Jul;31(3):416-9. (PMID: 8592368)
J Trop Med Hyg. 1979 Jul;82(7):137-41. (PMID: 387971)
Cornell Vet. 1981 Jul;71(3):311-25. (PMID: 7261592)
Vaccine. 2008 Jan 17;26(3):345-50. (PMID: 18083277)
J Wildl Dis. 1990 Jan;26(1):99-102. (PMID: 2304207)
Can J Comp Med. 1980 Apr;44(2):169-76. (PMID: 7407689)
Lab Invest. 1987 Dec;57(6):634-45. (PMID: 3695410)
Acta Neuropathol. 1992;84(5):501-8. (PMID: 1462765)
Rev Sci Tech. 1992 Sep;11(3):829-36. (PMID: 1472729)
Am J Vet Res. 1997 Nov;58(11):1327-31. (PMID: 9361901)
J Exp Med. 1942 Aug 1;76(2):185-94. (PMID: 19871228)
Vaccine. 1988 Dec;6(6):533-9. (PMID: 3245296)
Can J Comp Med. 1983 Jul;47(3):363-9. (PMID: 6357414)
J Wildl Dis. 1975 Jul;11(3):382-8. (PMID: 1097743)
Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Apr;145(6):1168-1182. (PMID: 28095930)
Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jan;27(116):20-3. (PMID: 5913028)
ALTEX. 2003;20(Suppl 1):63-76. (PMID: 14671703)
J Wildl Dis. 2004 Apr;40(2):328-34. (PMID: 15362836)
Virology. 1988 Jul;165(1):313-6. (PMID: 3291388)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990 May 15;196(10):1614-6. (PMID: 2347753)
Vaccine. 2019 Aug 2;37(33):4750-4757. (PMID: 29042202)
Can J Vet Res. 1989 Oct;53(4):438-44. (PMID: 2686831)
Can J Vet Res. 2020 Apr;84(2):153-158. (PMID: 32255911)
Vaccine. 2012 Nov 19;30(49):6991-6. (PMID: 23059358)
Vaccine. 2006 May 29;24(22):4856-62. (PMID: 16600442)
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1952 Jul;80(3):410-5. (PMID: 14949068)
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1968 Jan 15;81(2):30-5. (PMID: 5692802)
Am J Vet Res. 1984 Apr;45(4):724-9. (PMID: 6731986)
JAMA. 1965 Aug 2;193:363-8. (PMID: 14313891)
Rev Infect Dis. 1988 Nov-Dec;10 Suppl 4:S799-802. (PMID: 3206090)
Vaccine. 1999 Oct 14;18(5-6):479-86. (PMID: 10519937)
Can J Comp Med. 1981 Oct;45(4):357-62. (PMID: 7337867)
Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Apr;18(4):e147-e159. (PMID: 29100899)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1968 Mar 1;152(5):476-82. (PMID: 5637640)
Vet Pathol. 1994 Jan;31(1):93-102. (PMID: 8140732)
Vaccine. 1992;10(5):305-8. (PMID: 1574916)
Am J Vet Res. 1980 Oct;41(10):1632-4. (PMID: 7224288)
J Infect Dis. 1973 Oct;128(4):471-8. (PMID: 4200590)
Med J Aust. 1992 May 4;156(9):651-4. (PMID: 1625621)
Trop Med Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 21;2(3):. (PMID: 30270888)
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Apr;16(4):241-255. (PMID: 29479072)
Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1967 Nov;62(11):1073-4. (PMID: 5183456)
Vet Med (Praha). 1984 Nov;29(11):653-8. (PMID: 6441330)
Am J Epidemiol. 1973 Nov;98(5):326-35. (PMID: 4583405)
Risk Anal. 2023 May;43(5):896-916. (PMID: 35728942)
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1982;5(1-3):217-26. (PMID: 7128075)
Dev Biol (Basel). 2008;131:461-6. (PMID: 18634508)
J Anim Ecol. 2014 May;83(3):671-80. (PMID: 24289314)
Acta Neuropathol. 1988;76(3):275-80. (PMID: 3213430)
Am J Vet Res. 1973 Nov;34(11):1427-32. (PMID: 4748726)
Vaccine. 2006 May 15;24(20):4386-92. (PMID: 16603277)
Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jan;27(116):16-9. (PMID: 5913022)
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 1983 Dec;(12):37-40. (PMID: 6666446)
Arch Virol. 2016 Sep;161(9):2561-6. (PMID: 27306647)
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1978 Mar 5;85(3):82-4. (PMID: 344029)
J Wildl Dis. 1988 Jul;24(3):477-83. (PMID: 3045347)
Vaccine. 2006 Nov 30;24(49-50):7115-23. (PMID: 16919854)
Arch Virol. 1988;102(3-4):297-301. (PMID: 3202696)
mSphere. 2025 May 27;10(5):e0095324. (PMID: 40293269)
Virus Res. 2005 Jul;111(1):101-5. (PMID: 15896409)
Integr Comp Biol. 2022 Sep 24;:. (PMID: 36250609)
Rev Infect Dis. 1988 Nov-Dec;10 Suppl 4:S803-9. (PMID: 3206091)
Am J Hyg. 1948 Mar;47(2):189-204. (PMID: 18908914)
Rev Infect Dis. 1988 Nov-Dec;10 Suppl 4:S678-83. (PMID: 3206080)
Vaccine. 2021 Apr 28;39(18):2496-2499. (PMID: 33824040)
J Vet Diagn Invest. 1996 Jan;8(1):31-7. (PMID: 9026079)
Vaccine. 2007 Apr 30;25(17):3409-18. (PMID: 17224221)
Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):847-8. (PMID: 6494916)
J Wildl Dis. 1989 Oct;25(4):548-54. (PMID: 2810555)
Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1993 Dec;60(4):463-8. (PMID: 7777337)
Vaccine. 2007 Jul 20;25(29):5301-7. (PMID: 17576027)
J Wildl Dis. 2008 Jul;44(3):612-21. (PMID: 18689646)
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1982;5(1-3):227-32. (PMID: 7128076)
Vaccine. 2001 Sep 14;19(32):4805-15. (PMID: 11535333)
Vaccine. 1999 Feb 12;17(6):551-8. (PMID: 10075161)
J Wildl Dis. 1991 Oct;27(4):681-4. (PMID: 1758034)
Am J Vet Res. 1968 Jan;29(1):181-90. (PMID: 5636035)
Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1942 Feb;32(2):176-80. (PMID: 18015569)
Bull World Health Organ. 1963;29:803-11. (PMID: 14107754)
Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1976 Jan;71(1):37-40. (PMID: 1044175)
Vaccine. 2008 Aug 26;26(36):4627-38. (PMID: 18620017)
Vet Rec. 1990 Aug 18;127(7):165-7. (PMID: 2219648)
Can J Comp Med. 1972 Oct;36(4):339-44. (PMID: 4263912)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1971 Dec 1;159(11):1491-9. (PMID: 5153870)
Vaccine. 2006 Jan 23;24(4):412-6. (PMID: 16153757)
Nature. 1986 Jul 24-30;322(6077):373-5. (PMID: 3736663)
Biomed Environ Sci. 2018 Feb;31(2):146-148. (PMID: 29606193)
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1968 Jul 15;153(2):174-9. (PMID: 5690255)
Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1993 Dec;60(4):373-7. (PMID: 7777323)
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2006 Dec;37(4):518-23. (PMID: 17315437)
Vaccine. 1994 Mar;12(4):307-9. (PMID: 8178551)
Am J Vet Res. 1986 Apr;47(4):777-80. (PMID: 3516030)
BMC Vet Res. 2009 May 19;5:19. (PMID: 19454020)
J Virol. 2011 Aug;85(16):8241-52. (PMID: 21632762)
Euro Surveill. 2023 Jul;28(27):. (PMID: 37410383)
Vaccine. 2014 Feb 12;32(8):984-9. (PMID: 24374501)
Infect Immun. 1974 Apr;9(4):681-3. (PMID: 4595757)
Virology. 2019 Oct;536:32-38. (PMID: 31394410)
J Wildl Dis. 1992 Jan;28(1):51-6. (PMID: 1548802)
Ann Rech Vet. 1989;20(2):195-204. (PMID: 2751231)
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Rabies Vaccines)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251114 Date Completed: 20251115 Latest Revision: 20251121
Update Code: 20251121
PubMed Central ID: PMC12619319
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-025-02996-0
PMID: 41239379
Databáza: MEDLINE
Popis
Abstrakt:Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests : The authors declare no competing interests.<br />Background: Efficacy studies are part of the regulatory requirements for obtaining marketing authorization for rabies virus vaccines intended for veterinary use. However, increasing emphasis on animal welfare and the application of the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) may prompt a critical reassessment of current standards for such studies. A substantial amount of data from numerous published experimental studies is available, which could be used to reconsider or refine existing specifications and protocols-particularly concerning observation periods post-infection (pi) and dose-finding studies.<br />Methods: To support this reassessment, we analyzed data from 289 published experimental studies. These studies covered both susceptibility and efficacy investigations across 16 mesocarnivorous target species considered for parenteral or oral rabies vaccination. The species represented seven taxonomic families or orders: Canidae, Didelphidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Mephitidae, Musteloidea, and Procyonidae. The dataset included 1,171 records encompassing a total of 8,381 animals that had been vaccinated with either rabies virus (RABV) or non-RABV lyssaviruses. Parametric distributions (log-normal, Weibull, and gamma) were fitted to incubation periods to examine group differences. Additionally, multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify key variables influencing incubation duration, post-infection survival, and inter-species differences among reservoir hosts.<br />Results: The analyses revealed that viral strain, inoculation dose, and application site were consistently associated with incubation period length and mortality across most taxonomic groups. These variables significantly influenced incubation periods and survival rates post-infection. Notable differences were also observed between reservoir host species, highlighting the importance of species-specific factors in study design and interpretation.<br />Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, in alignment with the 3Rs principle, existing animal models used in rabies vaccine efficacy research can be reconsidered and potentially refined. These refinements may not only enhance scientific validity but also contribute to ethical improvements in study design. Furthermore, the results may inform future risk assessments related to the importation of pets from rabies-endemic regions and support more humane, evidence-based approaches to vaccine evaluation.<br /> (© 2025. The Author(s).)
ISSN:1743-422X
DOI:10.1186/s12985-025-02996-0