Výsledky vyhľadávania - "materials"

Chewing simulation parameters and mechanical properties of composites as used in dental bio-materials.

Autori: Yilmaz EÇ; Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Control Systems Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis, Turkey.

Zdroj: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine [Proc Inst Mech Eng H] 2025 Dec; Vol. 239 (11-12), pp. 1087-1097. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 22.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Sage Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8908934 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2041-3033 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09544119 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Inst Mech Eng H Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Mastication* , Mechanical Phenomena* , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Dental Materials*/chemistry, Finite Element Analysis ; Materials Testing ; Humans

ECM-Mimetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Stimulation of Dorsal Root Ganglia Axon Guidance and Schwann Cell Maturation.

Autori: Antonova OY Kochetkova OY Taylakov ME a ďalší

Zdroj: ACS applied bio materials [ACS Appl Bio Mater] 2025 Oct 20; Vol. 8 (10), pp. 9480-9495. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 19.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: ACS Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729147 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2576-6422 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25766422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Bio Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Ganglia, Spinal*/cytology , Ganglia, Spinal*/drug effects , Nanofibers*/chemistry , Schwann Cells*/cytology , Schwann Cells*/drug effects , Tissue Scaffolds*/chemistry , Extracellular Matrix*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/pharmacology , Biocompatible Materials*/chemical synthesis , Axon Guidance*/drug effects , Biomimetic Materials*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/pharmacology, Animals ; Rats ; Materials Testing ; Cells, Cultured ; Particle Size ; Nerve Regeneration/drug effects

In situ investigation of the fracture toughening mechanisms of bioinspired dental ceramic composites with different compliant polymer phases.

Autori: Jargalsaikhan U Leung N Wan H a ďalší

Zdroj: Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials [Dent Mater] 2025 Dec; Vol. 41 (12), pp. 1642-1652. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 11.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8508040 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0097 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01095641 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dent Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Polymers*/chemistry , Composite Resins*/chemistry , Ceramics*/chemistry , Dental Materials*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/chemistry, Materials Testing ; Aluminum Oxide/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Surface Properties ; Dental Stress Analysis

Human gingival fibroblast responses to additively and subtractively manufactured zirconia: An in vitro study.

Autori: Ma Y Xie YD Chen ZY a ďalší

Zdroj: Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials [Dent Mater] 2025 Dec; Vol. 41 (12), pp. 1508-1520. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 20.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8508040 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0097 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01095641 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dent Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Zirconium*/chemistry , Zirconium*/pharmacology , Fibroblasts*/drug effects , Gingiva*/cytology , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Dental Materials*/chemistry, Humans ; Surface Properties ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Materials Testing ; Photoelectron Spectroscopy ; Cells, Cultured

Comparative Evaluation of Biocompatibility between Conventional and Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Dental Polymers Using a Golden Hamster Model.

Autori: Wei X Shangguan H Wu L a ďalší

Zdroj: International dental journal [Int Dent J] 2025 Dec; Vol. 75 (6), pp. 103958. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 13.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Comparative Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0374714 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1875-595X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00206539 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int Dent J Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Biocompatible Materials* , Computer-Aided Design* , Polymers* , Dental Materials*, Animals ; Cricetinae ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Materials Testing ; Mesocricetus ; Apoptosis ; Benzophenones ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Mouth Mucosa/drug effects ; Polyethylene Glycols

Cellulose-Silver and Cellulose-Gold Bioactive Nanocomposites Obtained Using SCOBY Purified Membranes.

Autori: Dediu V Buşilă M Ungureanu C a ďalší

Zdroj: ACS applied bio materials [ACS Appl Bio Mater] 2025 Nov 17; Vol. 8 (11), pp. 9650-9663. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 15.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: ACS Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729147 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2576-6422 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25766422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Bio Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Cellulose*/chemistry , Cellulose*/pharmacology , Silver*/chemistry , Silver*/pharmacology , Nanocomposites*/chemistry , Gold*/chemistry , Gold*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/pharmacology, Particle Size ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Surface Properties

Characterization and biocompatibility evaluation of a Ti@HA-GO@IL-4 bioactive composite coating for guided bone regeneration in dental implant applications.

Autori: Li C Zhao L Chen X a ďalší

Zdroj: BMC oral health [BMC Oral Health] 2025 Nov 10; Vol. 25 (1), pp. 1762. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 10.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088684 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6831 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726831 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Oral Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Titanium*/chemistry , Dental Implants* , Coated Materials, Biocompatible*/chemistry , Coated Materials, Biocompatible*/pharmacology , Graphite*/chemistry , Interleukin-4*/chemistry , Interleukin-4*/pharmacology , Bone Regeneration* , Durapatite*/chemistry, Animals ; Mice ; Surface Properties ; Osseointegration ; Materials Testing ; Osteoblasts ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Adhesion

Ultra-translucent zirconia crowns with antimicrobial glass coatings: fatigue life and antagonist wear analysis.

Autori: da Silva AC Gouveia Silva JF Campos TMB a ďalší

Zdroj: Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials [Dent Mater] 2025 Nov; Vol. 41 (11), pp. 1376-1387. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 09.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8508040 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0097 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01095641 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dent Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Zirconium*/chemistry , Crowns* , Glass*/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents*/chemistry , Dental Restoration Wear* , Coated Materials, Biocompatible*/chemistry , Dental Materials*/chemistry, Materials Testing ; Surface Properties ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Oxides/chemistry ; Silver/chemistry ; Ceramics/chemistry ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Sodium Hydroxide ; Calcium Compounds

The rise of advanced bioactive restorative materials: Are they redefining operative dentistry?

Autori: Sauro S Carvalho RM Ferracane J

Zdroj: Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials [Dent Mater] 2025 Nov; Vol. 41 (11), pp. 1411-1429. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 12.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8508040 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0097 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01095641 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dent Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Dental Restoration, Permanent*/methods , Dentistry, Operative*/trends , Dental Materials*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry, Humans ; Tooth Remineralization ; Dentin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Biomimetic Materials/chemistry

Cetrimide-enhanced Calcium Hydroxide Paste: A Biocompatible and Bioactive Option for Regenerative Endodontics.

Autori: Iglesias JE Pinheiro LS Ferreira GC a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of endodontics [J Endod] 2025 Nov; Vol. 51 (11), pp. 1659-1665. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 25.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7511484 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-3554 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00992399 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Endod Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Calcium Hydroxide*/pharmacology , Regenerative Endodontics*/methods , Biocompatible Materials*/pharmacology , Root Canal Filling Materials*, Animals ; Rats ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Stem Cells/drug effects ; Materials Testing ; Microspheres ; Male

Hybrid-manufactured silicon nitride coated CFR-PEKK: A candidate biomaterial for trauma plate applications?

Autori: Sharma A Smith JA Kurtz MA a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials [J Mech Behav Biomed Mater] 2025 Nov; Vol. 171, pp. 107141. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 17.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101322406 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-0180 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18780180 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Mech Behav Biomed Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Silicon Compounds*/chemistry , Ketones*/chemistry , Carbon Fiber*/chemistry , Bone Plates* , Coated Materials, Biocompatible*/chemistry , Mechanical Phenomena* , Polyethylene Glycols*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry, Materials Testing ; Benzophenones ; Polymers

Biomimicry-inspired zwitterionic polyurethane used for vascular implants showing water-induced stiffening and preventing intimal hyperplasia in stent.

Autori: Yang R Chen C Liu W a ďalší

Zdroj: Biomaterials [Biomaterials] 2025 Nov; Vol. 322, pp. 123394. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 08.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8100316 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-5905 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01429612 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biomaterials Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Polyurethanes*/chemistry , Polyurethanes*/pharmacology , Stents*/adverse effects , Water*/chemistry , Blood Vessel Prosthesis* , Tunica Intima*/pathology , Tunica Intima*/drug effects , Biomimetic Materials*/chemistry, Animals ; Hyperplasia/prevention & control ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry ; Carotid Arteries/surgery ; Carotid Arteries/pathology ; Humans ; Materials Testing ; Male

Biomimetic Mineralization Strategies to Construct Heparin/Titanium Dioxide Anticoagulant and Antimicrobial Coatings for Blood Contact Devices.

Autori: Guo C Sun Q Wang H a ďalší

Zdroj: ACS applied bio materials [ACS Appl Bio Mater] 2025 Oct 20; Vol. 8 (10), pp. 9180-9193. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 26.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: ACS Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729147 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2576-6422 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25766422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Bio Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Titanium*/chemistry , Titanium*/pharmacology , Heparin*/chemistry , Heparin*/pharmacology , Anticoagulants*/chemistry , Anticoagulants*/pharmacology , Anticoagulants*/chemical synthesis , Coated Materials, Biocompatible*/chemistry , Coated Materials, Biocompatible*/pharmacology , Coated Materials, Biocompatible*/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemical synthesis , Biomimetic Materials*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/pharmacology , Biomimetic Materials*/chemical synthesis, Surface Properties ; Materials Testing ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Particle Size ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Biomimetics ; Escherichia coli/drug effects

Liquid-Activated Self-Expanding Chitosan Shape Memory Cryogel for Rapid Hemostasis in Penetrating Wounds with Coagulation Disorders.

Autori: Zhang Y Lang Y Zhang J a ďalší

Zdroj: ACS applied bio materials [ACS Appl Bio Mater] 2025 Oct 20; Vol. 8 (10), pp. 9161-9179. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 25.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: ACS Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729147 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2576-6422 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25766422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Bio Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Chitosan*/chemistry , Chitosan*/pharmacology , Cryogels*/chemistry , Cryogels*/pharmacology , Hemostasis*/drug effects , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/pharmacology , Biocompatible Materials*/chemical synthesis , Blood Coagulation Disorders*/drug therapy , Hemostatics*/chemistry , Hemostatics*/pharmacology , Hemostatics*/chemical synthesis, Animals ; Rats ; Rabbits ; Materials Testing ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Male ; Porosity ; Humans ; Particle Size ; Hemorrhage/drug therapy

Mimicking Design Scaffolds Based on Nonwoven Biological Materials of Silk Cocoon for Soft Tissue Engineering at the Bone Interfacial Area: Structure, Morphology, and Performance Evaluation Based on In Vitro Testing, and Identification of Applied Biomaterials.

Autori: Thonglam J Nuntanaranont T Kong X a ďalší

Zdroj: ACS applied bio materials [ACS Appl Bio Mater] 2025 Oct 20; Vol. 8 (10), pp. 9005-9018. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 29.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: ACS Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729147 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2576-6422 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25766422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Bio Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Tissue Engineering* , Tissue Scaffolds*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/pharmacology , Silk*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/pharmacology, Animals ; Materials Testing ; Mice ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Osteoblasts/cytology ; Osteoblasts/drug effects ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Cell Line ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Surface Properties ; Bombyx ; Bone and Bones ; Particle Size ; Wettability

Facile Fabrication of Cartilage-Bone Interface-Mimicking Ductile Scaffolds for Zone-Specific Stem Cell Differentiation and Angiogenesis.

Autori: Sukparangsi W Thongnuek P Cao C a ďalší

Zdroj: ACS applied bio materials [ACS Appl Bio Mater] 2025 Oct 20; Vol. 8 (10), pp. 8991-9004. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 25.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: ACS Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729147 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2576-6422 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25766422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Bio Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Tissue Scaffolds*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/pharmacology , Biocompatible Materials*/chemical synthesis , Neovascularization, Physiologic*/drug effects , Cartilage* , Biomimetic Materials*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/pharmacology , Bone and Bones*, Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Animals ; Materials Testing ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology ; Porosity ; Surface Properties ; Particle Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Tissue Engineering ; Humans ; Angiogenesis

Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Reinforced Chitosan/Ca ²⁺ -Alginate Nanocomposite Films with Multifunctional Properties for Sustainable Packaging.

Autori: Hossain MS Adak B Khushbu a ďalší

Zdroj: ACS applied bio materials [ACS Appl Bio Mater] 2025 Oct 20; Vol. 8 (10), pp. 9123-9139. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 07.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: ACS Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729147 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2576-6422 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25766422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Bio Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Chitosan*/chemistry , Chitosan*/pharmacology , Alginates*/chemistry , Alginates*/pharmacology , Nanocomposites*/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemical synthesis , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/pharmacology , Biocompatible Materials*/chemical synthesis , Graphite*/chemistry , Graphite*/pharmacology , Nitrogen Compounds*/chemistry , Nitrogen Compounds*/pharmacology , Calcium*/chemistry, Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Materials Testing ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Particle Size ; Tensile Strength ; Steam ; Surface Properties

The impact of nanosized graphene oxide on the rheological, physical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of condensation silicone dental impression materials.

Autori: Fakoori M Hesaraki S Nezafati N a ďalší

Zdroj: BMC oral health [BMC Oral Health] 2025 Oct 10; Vol. 25 (1), pp. 1599. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 10.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088684 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6831 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726831 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Oral Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Graphite*/chemistry , Graphite*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemistry , Dental Impression Materials*/chemistry , Dental Impression Materials*/pharmacology , Silicones*/chemistry , Silicones*/pharmacology, Rheology ; Wettability ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Hardness ; Materials Testing ; Surface Properties ; Nanoparticles/chemistry

Electro-Actuation of a Smart Hydrogel Compatible With 3D Printing.

Autori: Mikalef G Schofield Z Moxon SR a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A [J Biomed Mater Res A] 2025 Oct; Vol. 113 (10), pp. e38004.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101234237 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1552-4965 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15493296 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Biomed Mater Res A Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Printing, Three-Dimensional* , Hydrogels*/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials*/chemistry , Smart Materials*/chemistry, Fibroblasts/cytology ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Humans ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Polymerization

Impact of surface roughness and wettability on microbial adhesion of temporary prostheses made by additive, subtractive, and conventional methods.

Autori: Sahin Z Ozer NE Calı A

Zdroj: European journal of oral sciences [Eur J Oral Sci] 2025 Oct; Vol. 133 (5), pp. e70027. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 26.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9504563 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1600-0722 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09098836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Oral Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Bacterial Adhesion* , Dental Materials*/chemistry, Surface Properties ; Wettability ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus mutans ; Polymethyl Methacrylate/chemistry ; Candida albicans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Materials Testing ; Printing, Three-Dimensional