Suchergebnisse - "Tooth Remineralization"

Multifunctional Lithium-Calcium-Silicon Bioceramic Resin Composite for Enhanced Dental Remineralization and Reparative Dentin Formation.

Autoren: Mei P Tao X Ding Z et al.

Quelle: Advanced healthcare materials [Adv Healthc Mater] 2025 Nov; Vol. 14 (30), pp. e00530. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 05.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Wiley-VCH Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101581613 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2192-2659 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21922640 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Healthc Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dentin*/drug effects , Dentin*/metabolism , Silicon*/chemistry , Silicon*/pharmacology , Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Lithium*/chemistry , Lithium*/pharmacology , Composite Resins*/chemistry , Composite Resins*/pharmacology , Calcium Compounds*/chemistry , Calcium Compounds*/pharmacology , Calcium*/chemistry , Calcium*/pharmacology , Ceramics*/chemistry , Ceramics*/pharmacology, Animals ; Rats ; Dental Pulp/cytology ; Dental Pulp/metabolism ; Dental Pulp/drug effects ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Humans ; Silicates/chemistry ; Silicates/pharmacology ; Male ; Stem Cells/metabolism ; Stem Cells/drug effects

[Defect modification of calcium silicate and its application in oral bacteriostasis and tooth remineralization].

Autoren: Hu Y Zhang S Zhang J et al.

Quelle: Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology [Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi] 2025 Oct 01; Vol. 43 (5), pp. 648-659.

Publikationsart: English Abstract; Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Sichuan yi xue yuan Country of Publication: China NLM ID: 9422648 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2618-0456 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10001182 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Calcium Compounds*/chemistry , Calcium Compounds*/pharmacology , Silicates*/chemistry , Silicates*/pharmacology , Tooth Remineralization* , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology, Humans ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Keratinocytes/drug effects ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Reversal of root caries using fluoride toothpastes with or without bioactive glass - an in vitro study.

Autoren: Chen H Hill R Baysan A

Quelle: Journal of dentistry [J Dent] 2025 Dec; Vol. 163, pp. 106139. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 27.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0354422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-176X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03005712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Dent Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Toothpastes*/therapeutic use , Toothpastes*/chemistry , Fluorides*/therapeutic use , Fluorides*/administration & dosage , Root Caries*/pathology , Root Caries*/drug therapy , Root Caries*/prevention & control , Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Glass*/chemistry , Cariostatic Agents*/therapeutic use , Cariostatic Agents*/administration & dosage , Ceramics*/therapeutic use, Humans ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Dentin/drug effects ; Dentin/ultrastructure ; In Vitro Techniques ; Hardness ; Temperature

Assessment of the Remineralization Potential of Boron Nitride Nanoparticles Versus Conventional Agents on Artificial Enamel Lesions.

Autoren: Balkaya H Aygör FA Demirbuğa S et al.

Quelle: Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.] [J Esthet Restor Dent] 2025 Dec; Vol. 37 (12), pp. 2546-2554. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 18.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Comparative Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101096515 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1708-8240 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14964155 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Esthet Restor Dent Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Boron Compounds*/pharmacology , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Nanoparticles*, Humans ; Caseins/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Surface Properties ; Fluorides ; Tooth Demineralization ; Silver Compounds ; Saliva, Artificial

Long-term stabilization of universal adhesive interfaces in blood-contaminated dentin by myricetin and resveratrol: MMP inhibition, remineralization, and chemical compatibility with 10-MDP after 12 months.

Autoren: Liu T Wang H Zhang S et al.

Quelle: Clinical oral investigations [Clin Oral Investig] 2025 Nov 10; Vol. 29 (12), pp. 561. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 10.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9707115 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1436-3771 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14326981 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Oral Investig Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Flavonoids*/pharmacology , Flavonoids*/chemistry , Dentin*/drug effects , Dentin*/chemistry , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors*/pharmacology , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors*/chemistry , Resveratrol*/pharmacology , Resveratrol*/chemistry , Dental Bonding*/methods , Methacrylates*/chemistry , Methacrylates*/pharmacology , Tooth Remineralization* , Dentin-Bonding Agents*/chemistry, Humans ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Tensile Strength ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Materials Testing ; Phosphoric Acids/chemistry ; In Vitro Techniques ; Sodium Hypochlorite/chemistry

Effect of adding soluble calcium and pyrophosphate to fluoride toothpaste on enamel remineralization: An in vitro study.

Autoren: Fujiki M Kimura M Kurita K

Quelle: Archives of oral biology [Arch Oral Biol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 179, pp. 106376. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 15.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Comparative Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0116711 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1506 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00039969 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Oral Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Toothpastes*/pharmacology , Toothpastes*/chemistry , Diphosphates*/pharmacology , Diphosphates*/chemistry , Calcium*/pharmacology , Calcium*/chemistry , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Fluorides*/pharmacology , Fluorides*/chemistry , Cariostatic Agents*/pharmacology, Animals ; Cattle ; In Vitro Techniques ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Solubility ; Hardness

Effect of fluoride gels supplemented with nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate on enamel remineralization in situ.

Autoren: Martins TP Báez-Quintero LC Gomes IMP et al.

Quelle: Journal of dentistry [J Dent] 2025 Nov; Vol. 162, pp. 105964. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 08.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0354422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-176X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03005712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Dent Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Polyphosphates*/administration & dosage , Polyphosphates*/therapeutic use , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Cariostatic Agents*/administration & dosage , Cariostatic Agents*/therapeutic use , Fluorides, Topical*/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles* , Fluorides*/administration & dosage, Animals ; Humans ; Cattle ; Double-Blind Method ; Gels ; Cross-Over Studies ; Calcium Fluoride/analysis ; Hardness ; Dental Caries/drug therapy ; Dental Caries/prevention & control ; Male ; Adult ; Placebos ; Female ; Young Adult

Synergistic promotion of biomimetic enamel remineralization by amelogenin, amelotin, and ameloblastin C-terminal peptide in vitro.

Autoren: Zhong X Yin L Zhang P et al.

Quelle: Archives of oral biology [Arch Oral Biol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 179, pp. 106379. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 18.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0116711 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1506 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00039969 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Oral Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Amelogenin*/pharmacology , Dental Enamel Proteins*/pharmacology , Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Dental Enamel*/drug effects, Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Durapatite ; In Vitro Techniques ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Chitosan/pharmacology ; Saliva, Artificial

Neutrophil activity compromises root caries remineralization and alters caries-affected-like dentin.

Autoren: Trivedi RK Patel RH Wazir A et al.

Quelle: Clinical oral investigations [Clin Oral Investig] 2025 Oct 13; Vol. 29 (11), pp. 503. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 13.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9707115 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1436-3771 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14326981 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Oral Investig Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dentin*/metabolism , Dentin*/pathology , Tooth Remineralization* , Neutrophils*/physiology , Root Caries*/pathology, Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Collagen ; Sodium Fluoride/pharmacology

Dentinal remineralisation using self-assembling peptide P11-4 and chloro calcium phosphosilicate in obese children: An ex vivo study.

Autoren: Dawasaz AA Togoo RA Mahmood Z et al.

Quelle: Archives of oral biology [Arch Oral Biol] 2025 Oct; Vol. 178, pp. 106359. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 17.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0116711 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1506 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00039969 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Oral Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Dentin*/drug effects , Saliva*/chemistry , Obesity* , Peptides*/pharmacology, Humans ; Child ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Male ; Female ; X-Ray Microtomography ; Dental Caries

Impact of demineralization, brushing, and remineralization sequences on dentin mineral retention and surface properties.

Autoren: Kim S Larnani S Son JE et al.

Quelle: Odontology [Odontology] 2025 Oct; Vol. 113 (4), pp. 1456-1466. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Feb 26.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Tokyo Country of Publication: Japan NLM ID: 101134822 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1618-1255 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16181247 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Odontology Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dentin*/chemistry , Dentin*/ultrastructure , Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Tooth Demineralization*/metabolism , Toothbrushing*, Cattle ; Animals ; Surface Properties ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Calcium/analysis ; Hardness ; In Vitro Techniques

In vitro evaluation of the ability of nanohydroxyapatite toothpastes to enhance remineralization of enamel caries lesion.

Autoren: Amaechi BT Tan AI Noureldin AAK et al.

Quelle: Journal of dentistry [J Dent] 2025 Oct; Vol. 161, pp. 106006. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 29.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Comparative Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0354422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-176X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03005712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Dent Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Toothpastes*/therapeutic use , Toothpastes*/chemistry , Durapatite*/therapeutic use , Dental Caries*/drug therapy , Dental Caries*/pathology , Dental Caries*/microbiology , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Dental Enamel*/pathology , Cariostatic Agents*/therapeutic use, Animals ; Cattle ; Hardness ; Fluorides/therapeutic use ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Saliva, Artificial/chemistry ; Tooth Demineralization ; Nanoparticles ; Random Allocation

Modified casein-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles prevent dental caries by inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans and promoting the remineralization of tooth enamel.

Autoren: Fang P Ye X Tian L et al.

Quelle: Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces [Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces] 2025 Oct; Vol. 254, pp. 114815. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 24.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9315133 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4367 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09277765 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Streptococcus mutans*/drug effects , Streptococcus mutans*/growth & development , Caseins*/chemistry , Caseins*/pharmacology , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Dental Enamel*/metabolism , Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Dental Caries*/prevention & control , Dental Caries*/microbiology , Tooth Remineralization* , Calcium Phosphates*/chemistry , Calcium Phosphates*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemistry, Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Particle Size ; Surface Properties

Ion-releasing restorative materials and dentin remineralization: Current strategies and future perspectives.

Autoren: Vilela HS Vela BF Campos AL et al.

Quelle: Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials [Dent Mater] 2025 Oct; Vol. 41 (10), pp. 1251-1265. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 19.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Review

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8508040 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0097 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01095641 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dent Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dental Caries*/therapy , Dentin*/drug effects , Glass Ionomer Cements*/pharmacology , Glass Ionomer Cements*/therapeutic use , Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Calcium Compounds*/pharmacology , Calcium Compounds*/therapeutic use, Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Silicate Cement/pharmacology ; Silicate Cement/therapeutic use

Mineral-to-matrix ratio of caries-affected dentin treated with biomimetic analogs using the dentin fluid and a remineralizing solution as ion donors.

Autoren: Pires MLBA Mendes Soares IP Fernandes LO et al.

Quelle: Journal of dentistry [J Dent] 2025 Oct; Vol. 161, pp. 105993. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 21.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0354422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-176X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03005712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Dent Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dentin*/drug effects , Dentin*/chemistry , Dentin*/pathology , Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Dental Caries*/microbiology , Dental Caries*/pathology , Dental Caries*/metabolism , Dentinal Fluid*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/pharmacology , Minerals*/analysis, Humans ; Acrylic Resins/pharmacology ; Polyphosphates/pharmacology ; Calcium/analysis ; Acid Etching, Dental/methods ; Streptococcus mutans ; Phosphoric Acids/pharmacology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Biomimetics ; Surface Properties

Novel nanostructured RegeSi bioactive glass for early enamel caries remineralization: Multi-dimensional evaluation from microstructure to mechanical properties.

Autoren: Yang M Zhang J Deng S et al.

Quelle: Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials [Dent Mater] 2025 Oct; Vol. 41 (10), pp. 1298-1312. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 24.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8508040 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0097 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01095641 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dent Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Dental Enamel*/chemistry , Dental Caries* , Glass*/chemistry , Nanostructures*/chemistry , Ceramics*/chemistry, Animals ; Cattle ; Elastic Modulus ; Materials Testing ; Hardness ; Cariostatic Agents/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Caseins/chemistry ; In Vitro Techniques ; Sodium Fluoride

Enamel remineralization enhancement by mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) in commercial fluoride varnish and development of an MBG/fluoride chitosan composite hydrogel.

Autoren: Yang L Guo J Lin D

Quelle: Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces [Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces] 2025 Oct; Vol. 254, pp. 114853. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 04.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9315133 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4367 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09277765 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Chitosan*/chemistry , Chitosan*/pharmacology , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Dental Enamel*/chemistry , Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Glass*/chemistry , Fluorides*/chemistry , Fluorides*/pharmacology , Hydrogels*/chemistry , Hydrogels*/pharmacology , Fluorides, Topical*/chemistry , Fluorides, Topical*/pharmacology, Porosity ; Humans ; Surface Properties ; Animals ; Durapatite/chemistry ; Apatites

Assessment of fluoride-infused calcium phosphate resin composites as effective remineralisation agents for human dental pulp stem cells.

Autoren: Del Giudice C Rengo C Menale C et al.

Quelle: Journal of dentistry [J Dent] 2025 Oct; Vol. 161, pp. 105997. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 23.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0354422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-176X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03005712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Dent Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dental Pulp*/cytology , Dental Pulp*/drug effects , Stem Cells*/drug effects , Calcium Phosphates*/pharmacology , Calcium Phosphates*/chemistry , Composite Resins*/pharmacology , Composite Resins*/chemistry , Fluorides*/pharmacology , Tooth Remineralization*/methods, Humans ; Osteogenesis/drug effects ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism ; Sialoglycoproteins ; Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain ; Osteopontin/analysis ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Sodium Fluoride/pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Osteocalcin/analysis ; Collagen Type I ; Odontogenesis/drug effects ; Phosphoproteins ; Materials Testing

Biomimetic Enamel-like Crystals: A Versatile Platform for Unraveling the Basic Mechanisms of Demineralization and Remineralization.

Autoren: Chang J Tavakol M Besnard C et al.

Quelle: ACS applied materials & interfaces [ACS Appl Mater Interfaces] 2025 Sep 10; Vol. 17 (36), pp. 50505-50518. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 28.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101504991 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1944-8252 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19448244 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dental Enamel*/chemistry , Durapatite*/chemistry , Tooth Remineralization* , Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials*/chemistry , Tooth Demineralization*, Humans ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Crystallization ; Fluorides/chemistry

Enhancing dental sealant performance: Effects of mesoporous bioactive glass and 10-MDP on adhesion and remineralization.

Autoren: Yun N Kim HJ Kwon J et al.

Quelle: Journal of dentistry [J Dent] 2025 Sep; Vol. 160, pp. 105869. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 31.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0354422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-176X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03005712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Dent Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Tooth Remineralization*/methods , Pit and Fissure Sealants*/chemistry , Pit and Fissure Sealants*/pharmacology , Dental Enamel*/drug effects , Dental Enamel*/ultrastructure , Methacrylates*/chemistry , Methacrylates*/pharmacology , Dental Bonding* , Glass*/chemistry, X-Ray Diffraction ; Shear Strength ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Porosity ; Materials Testing ; Flexural Strength ; Hardness ; Humans ; Animals ; Adhesiveness ; Surface Properties ; Stress, Mechanical ; Dental Stress Analysis/instrumentation