Výsledky vyhledávání - "TIGHT junctions"

Distinct interactions of proanthocyanidins of various degrees of polymerization with TLR4 receptor on the integrity of differentiating Caco-2 cell monolayers through tight junction protein expression.

Autoři: Thilakarathna WPDW Amararathna M Azeez S a další

Zdroj: Archives of biochemistry and biophysics [Arch Biochem Biophys] 2025 Nov; Vol. 773, pp. 110592. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 13.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0372430 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0384 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00039861 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Biochem Biophys Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Proanthocyanidins*/chemistry , Proanthocyanidins*/pharmacology , Proanthocyanidins*/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptor 4*/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptor 4*/chemistry , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Tight Junction Proteins*/metabolism, Humans ; Caco-2 Cells ; Polymerization ; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Claudin-3/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation

Prolonged oleic acid exposure impairs Caco-2 cell differentiation and tight junction integrity.

Autoři: Receveur A Zhu W Oteiza PI

Zdroj: Archives of biochemistry and biophysics [Arch Biochem Biophys] 2025 Oct; Vol. 772, pp. 110532. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 05.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0372430 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0384 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00039861 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Biochem Biophys Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Oleic Acid*/pharmacology , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Cell Differentiation*/drug effects, Humans ; Caco-2 Cells ; Enterocytes/drug effects ; Enterocytes/cytology ; Enterocytes/metabolism

Tricobalt tetraselenide nanoparticles improve intestinal barrier function by reshaping the gut microbiota and fortifying epithelial tight junctions.

Autoři: Chen Y Zhao N Han S a další

Zdroj: Biomaterials science [Biomater Sci] 2025 Dec 02; Vol. 13 (24), pp. 6775-6790. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 02.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101593571 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2047-4849 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20474830 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biomater Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/drug effects , Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Nanoparticles*/administration & dosage , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa*/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa*/metabolism , Cobalt*/chemistry , Cobalt*/pharmacology , Cobalt*/administration & dosage , Organoselenium Compounds*/chemistry , Organoselenium Compounds*/pharmacology , Organoselenium Compounds*/administration & dosage, Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Humans ; Dextran Sulfate ; Colitis/drug therapy ; Colitis/chemically induced ; Intestinal Barrier Function

Tight Junction Proteins and Bacterial Pathogens Impacting the Brain.

Autoři: Al-Obaidi MMJ Mohd Desa MN Muthanna A

Zdroj: The European journal of neuroscience [Eur J Neurosci] 2025 Dec; Vol. 62 (11), pp. e70340.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article; Review

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: France NLM ID: 8918110 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1460-9568 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0953816X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Blood-Brain Barrier*/microbiology , Blood-Brain Barrier*/metabolism , Tight Junction Proteins*/metabolism , Brain*/microbiology , Brain*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/microbiology, Humans ; Animals

Growth hormone modulates epithelial intercellular junctions structure and intestinal permeability in zebrafish.

Autoři: Meirelles MG Fénero CIM Nornberg BF a další

Zdroj: Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology [Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 310, pp. 111936. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 30.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9806096 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1531-4332 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10956433 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Zebrafish*/metabolism , Zebrafish*/genetics , Growth Hormone*/metabolism , Growth Hormone*/genetics , Intestinal Mucosa*/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa*/ultrastructure , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/ultrastructure , Intercellular Junctions*/metabolism , Intercellular Junctions*/ultrastructure, Animals ; Permeability ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics ; Intestinal Barrier Function

Escin alleviates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms by promoting autophagy activation and tight junction barrier restoration.

Autoři: Liu Z Zhao J Zhang L a další

Zdroj: The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology [Int J Biochem Cell Biol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 189, pp. 106865. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 22.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9508482 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-5875 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13572725 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Dermatitis, Atopic*/chemically induced , Dermatitis, Atopic*/drug therapy , Dermatitis, Atopic*/pathology , Dermatitis, Atopic*/metabolism , Autophagy*/drug effects , Dinitrochlorobenzene*/toxicity , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/pathology , Escin*/pharmacology , Escin*/therapeutic use, Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Disease Models, Animal ; Keratinocytes/drug effects ; Keratinocytes/metabolism ; Keratinocytes/pathology

Vasoactive intestinal peptide reduces ocular hypertension by regulating tight junction of trabecular meshwork through Rab13/PKA signalling complex.

Autoři: Chen L Yan X Luo Z a další

Zdroj: Annals of medicine [Ann Med] 2025 Dec; Vol. 57 (1), pp. 2534527. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 26.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8906388 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2060 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 07853890 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ann Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Trabecular Meshwork*/drug effects , Trabecular Meshwork*/metabolism , Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide*/pharmacology , Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Ocular Hypertension*/drug therapy , Ocular Hypertension*/metabolism , rab GTP-Binding Proteins*/metabolism, Animals ; Humans ; Rats ; Intraocular Pressure/drug effects ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism ; Claudin-1/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured

Enhancing Paracellular Permeability of Airway Epithelium by Opening Tight Junctions via Osmo-Mechanical Stimulation.

Autoři: Patel A Chen J Mir M a další

Zdroj: ACS biomaterials science & engineering [ACS Biomater Sci Eng] 2025 Nov 10; Vol. 11 (11), pp. 6701-6709. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 04.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101654670 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2373-9878 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23739878 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Biomater Sci Eng Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Trachea*/metabolism , Trachea*/cytology , Respiratory Mucosa*/metabolism, Animals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Permeability ; Male ; Vibration ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic/pharmacology ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic/chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems

Impact of residual feed intake on jejunal tight junction morphology and gene expression in slow-growing Korat chickens.

Autoři: Kongthungmon S Pengsanthia S Kamkrathok B a další

Zdroj: Poultry science [Poult Sci] 2025 Nov; Vol. 104 (11), pp. 105667. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 08.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401150 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1525-3171 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00325791 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Poult Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Chickens*/genetics , Chickens*/physiology , Chickens*/growth & development , Jejunum*/metabolism , Jejunum*/physiology , Tight Junctions*/ultrastructure , Tight Junctions*/physiology , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Gene Expression* , Avian Proteins*/metabolism , Avian Proteins*/genetics , Eating*, Animals ; Male ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Diet/veterinary

Higher viremia and pathogenesis of human adenovirus 7 is likely associated to enhanced disruption of junction integrity.

Autoři: Zhou J Chen Q Cheng B a další

Zdroj: Virus research [Virus Res] 2025 Nov; Vol. 361, pp. 199646. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 21.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8410979 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1872-7492 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01681702 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Virus Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Adenoviruses, Human*/pathogenicity , Adenoviruses, Human*/physiology , Viremia*/virology , Adenovirus Infections, Human*/virology , Adenovirus Infections, Human*/pathology , Tight Junctions*/virology , Tight Junctions*/pathology, Humans ; Endothelial Cells/virology ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Virus Replication ; Virus Internalization ; Cell Line

Functional landscape of mechanistic diversity in 27 claudin family members at tight junctions.

Autoři: Kashihara H Tanaka H Kitamata M a další

Zdroj: Science advances [Sci Adv] 2025 Oct 31; Vol. 11 (44), pp. eadx7431. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 31.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101653440 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2375-2548 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23752548 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Adv Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/genetics , Claudins*/metabolism , Claudins*/genetics, Animals ; Mice ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Mice, Knockout

L-Tyrosine enhances tight junction integrity and anti-inflammatory properties: a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broilers.

Autoři: Uehara A Maekawa M Nakagawa K

Zdroj: Archives of microbiology [Arch Microbiol] 2025 Oct 24; Vol. 207 (12), pp. 329. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 24.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 0410427 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-072X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03028933 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tyrosine*/pharmacology , Tyrosine*/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents*/pharmacology, Animals ; Chickens/growth & development ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Humans ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Caco-2 Cells ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Dendritic Cells/drug effects ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Macrophages/immunology ; Animal Feed/analysis

D-β-hydroxybutyrate upregulates tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 attenuating lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cerebral microvascular hyperpermeability.

Autoři: Li X Qiu X Zheng L a další

Zdroj: Tissue & cell [Tissue Cell] 2025 Oct; Vol. 96, pp. 102998. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 29.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Churchill Livingstone Country of Publication: Scotland NLM ID: 0214745 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-3072 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00408166 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Tissue Cell Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Zonula Occludens-1 Protein*/metabolism , Zonula Occludens-1 Protein*/genetics , Lipopolysaccharides*/pharmacology , Capillary Permeability*/drug effects , 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid*/pharmacology , Up-Regulation*/drug effects , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Microvessels*/drug effects , Microvessels*/pathology, Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects ; Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; beta Catenin/metabolism

Basal IFN-λ2/3 expression mediates tight junction formation in human epithelial cells.

Autoři: Keser Y Metz-Zumaran C Uckeley ZM a další

Zdroj: The EMBO journal [EMBO J] 2025 Oct; Vol. 44 (20), pp. 5785-5815. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 01.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8208664 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1460-2075 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02614189 NLM ISO Abbreviation: EMBO J Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Epithelial Cells*/metabolism , Interferons*/genetics , Interferons*/metabolism , Interleukins*/genetics , Interleukins*/metabolism, Humans ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Interferon Lambda ; Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism ; Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics ; Claudins/metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation

Control of renal calcium permeability via a tight junctional claudin switch.

Autoři: van der Veen RE Bieck M Mezouar N a další

Zdroj: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2025 Dec 09; Vol. 122 (49), pp. e2512046122. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 01.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Claudins*/metabolism , Claudins*/genetics , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Calcium*/metabolism , Kidney*/metabolism, Animals ; Mice ; Permeability ; Humans ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism

Fermented beet juice reinforces tight junctions and alleviates colitis via multi-pathway regulation.

Autoři: Jeon YA Natraj P Lee YJ

Zdroj: Fitoterapia [Fitoterapia] 2025 Dec; Vol. 187, pp. 106944. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 22.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 16930290R Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-6971 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0367326X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Fitoterapia Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Beta vulgaris*/chemistry , Colitis*/drug therapy , Colitis*/chemically induced , Fruit and Vegetable Juices* , Anti-Inflammatory Agents*/pharmacology, Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Caco-2 Cells ; Male ; Dextran Sulfate ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Fermentation ; Betacyanins/pharmacology

c-Abl Kinase Targets Tight Junction Protein ZO-2 in Regulation of Cell Migration and Morphology.

Autoři: Choi DE Gweon B Notbohm J a další

Zdroj: FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology [FASEB J] 2025 Nov 30; Vol. 39 (22), pp. e71214.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8804484 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1530-6860 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08926638 NLM ISO Abbreviation: FASEB J Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl*/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl*/genetics , Cell Movement*/physiology , Zonula Occludens-2 Protein*/metabolism , Zonula Occludens-2 Protein*/genetics , Tight Junctions*/metabolism, Humans ; Phosphorylation ; Animals

Meningitic Escherichia coli disrupts the blood-brain barrier through pyroptosis and tight junction degradation and NLRP6 deficiency aggravates infection outcomes.

Autoři: Jia K Du Y Cao X a další

Zdroj: Microbiological research [Microbiol Res] 2026 Feb; Vol. 303, pp. 128388. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 04.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: G. Fischer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9437794 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1618-0623 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09445013 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiol Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Pyroptosis* , Blood-Brain Barrier*/microbiology , Blood-Brain Barrier*/pathology , Blood-Brain Barrier*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/pathology , Tight Junctions*/microbiology , Escherichia coli*/pathogenicity , Meningitis, Escherichia coli*/microbiology , Meningitis, Escherichia coli*/pathology , Escherichia coli Infections*/microbiology , Escherichia coli Infections*/pathology, Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Endothelial Cells/microbiology ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Mice, Knockout ; Caspase 1/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Disease Models, Animal ; Signal Transduction ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Unveiling excessive feed-sources copper-induced ileitis in chickens: Insights into tight junction damage and ROS/NLRP3/pyroptosis axis.

Autoři: Zhou B Cao Y Zhang Y a další

Zdroj: Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP [Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol] 2026 Jan; Vol. 299, pp. 110357. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 13.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 100959500 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-0456 (Print) Linking ISSN: 15320456 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Chickens* , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein*/metabolism , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein*/genetics , Reactive Oxygen Species*/metabolism , Animal Feed*/analysis , Copper*/toxicity , Poultry Diseases*/chemically induced , Poultry Diseases*/metabolism , Poultry Diseases*/pathology , Pyroptosis*/drug effects , Ileitis*/chemically induced , Ileitis*/metabolism , Ileitis*/veterinary , Ileitis*/pathology , Tight Junctions*/drug effects , Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/pathology, Animals ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Male

Tight junction dysfunction and cytoskeletal remodeling in Hirschsprung‑associated enterocolitis: A decade of mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects (Review).

Autoři: Li S Wang C Zhang L a další

Zdroj: Molecular medicine reports [Mol Med Rep] 2026 Jan; Vol. 33 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 07.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article; Review

Informace o časopise: Publisher: D. A. Spandidos Country of Publication: Greece NLM ID: 101475259 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1791-3004 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17912997 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Med Rep Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Tight Junctions*/metabolism , Tight Junctions*/pathology , Hirschsprung Disease*/complications , Hirschsprung Disease*/metabolism , Hirschsprung Disease*/pathology , Cytoskeleton*/metabolism , Enterocolitis*/metabolism , Enterocolitis*/etiology , Enterocolitis*/pathology , Enterocolitis*/therapy, Humans ; Animals ; Signal Transduction ; Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism