Výsledky vyhledávání - "SALMONELLA typhimurium"

Plasmid-driven clonal expansion of multidrug-resistant monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium in a Global Food Trade Hub.

Autoři: Huang D Wu Z Jiang Y a další

Zdroj: Emerging microbes & infections [Emerg Microbes Infect] 2025 Dec; Vol. 14 (1), pp. 2542251. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 10.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101594885 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2222-1751 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22221751 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Emerg Microbes Infect Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial*/genetics , Plasmids*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium*/classification , Salmonella typhimurium*/isolation & purification , Salmonella Infections*/microbiology , Salmonella Infections*/epidemiology , Salmonella Infections*/transmission, Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Phylogeny ; China/epidemiology ; Food Microbiology ; Genotype ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Computational Evaluation of Fusarium nygamai Compounds as AcrD Efflux Pump Protein Inhibitors of Salmonella Typhimurium.

Autoři: Garrido-Palazuelos LI Aguirre-Sánchez JR Sandoval-González MF a další

Zdroj: Molecular biotechnology [Mol Biotechnol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 67 (12), pp. 4542-4562. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Dec 21.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 9423533 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1559-0305 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10736085 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Fusarium*/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins*/antagonists & inhibitors , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemistry , Membrane Transport Proteins*/metabolism , Membrane Transport Proteins*/chemistry, Molecular Docking Simulation ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

PfAgo-DNAzyme cascade amplification improves Salmonella typhimurium detection.

Autoři: Zheng B Qin Y Chai Y a další

Zdroj: Biosensors & bioelectronics [Biosens Bioelectron] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 289, pp. 117895. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 18.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9001289 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4235 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09565663 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosens Bioelectron Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: DNA, Catalytic*/chemistry , Salmonella typhimurium*/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Pyrococcus furiosus*/enzymology , Argonaute Proteins*/chemistry, Limit of Detection ; DNA, Single-Stranded/chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods

Deletion of the hslV gene alleviates the virulence and lethality of Salmonella Typhimurium in hosts by modulating lon and T3SS-1.

Autoři: Lu Q Tang Z Guan G a další

Zdroj: Virulence [Virulence] 2025 Dec; Vol. 16 (1), pp. 2580174. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 03.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101531386 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2150-5608 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21505594 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Virulence Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/pathogenicity , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Type III Secretion Systems*/genetics , Type III Secretion Systems*/metabolism , Gene Deletion* , Protease La*/genetics , Protease La*/metabolism, Virulence/genetics ; Animals ; Mice ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Humans ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Female ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology ; Flagella

Exploiting Salmonella typhimurium as a novel cancer therapeutic agent: from tumor colonization to metabolic engineering.

Autoři: Farmer S Francis O Goyal N

Zdroj: World journal of microbiology & biotechnology [World J Microbiol Biotechnol] 2025 Nov 27; Vol. 41 (12), pp. 482. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 27.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article; Review

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9012472 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-0972 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09593993 NLM ISO Abbreviation: World J Microbiol Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Salmonella typhimurium*/physiology , Metabolic Engineering* , Neoplasms*/therapy , Neoplasms*/microbiology, Humans ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Synthetic Biology ; Autophagy

Berberine Hydrochloride Reduces the Intracellular Survival of Salmonella Typhimurium by Enhancing Host Autophagic Flux Through the Inhibition of the Type III Secretion System.

Autoři: Huang J Lu J Wu C a další

Zdroj: Biomolecules [Biomolecules] 2025 Nov 13; Vol. 15 (11). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 13.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101596414 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2218-273X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 2218273X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biomolecules Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Berberine*/pharmacology , Berberine*/chemistry , Salmonella typhimurium*/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Autophagy*/drug effects , Type III Secretion Systems*/metabolism , Type III Secretion Systems*/antagonists & inhibitors , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology, Animals ; Mice ; Female ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Salmonella Infections/drug therapy ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism

Caenorhabditis elegans AWC neuron-mediated chemosensation negatively modulates dormancy during Salmonella fepB mutant infection.

Autoři: Mallick S Pradhan J Daimai C a další

Zdroj: Microbiology spectrum [Microbiol Spectr] 2025 Nov 04; Vol. 13 (11), pp. e0042025. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 08.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: ASM Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101634614 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2165-0497 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21650497 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiol Spectr Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Caenorhabditis elegans*/microbiology , Caenorhabditis elegans*/genetics , Caenorhabditis elegans*/physiology , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/pathogenicity , Salmonella typhimurium*/physiology , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Neurons*/physiology, Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation

Crystal Structure and Functional Characterization of YjgK From Salmonella Typhimurium.

Autoři: Choi SY Kim E Yoon H a další

Zdroj: Proteins [Proteins] 2025 Nov; Vol. 93 (11), pp. 1935-1943. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 17.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Wiley-Liss Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8700181 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1097-0134 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08873585 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proteins Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/chemistry , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Zinc*/metabolism , Zinc*/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins*/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics, Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Multimerization ; Copper/metabolism ; Copper/chemistry ; Protein Binding ; Binding Sites ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Cloning, Molecular

A CRISPR/Cas12a biosensor for portable and accessible detection of Salmonella typhimurium via multi-indicator pH millidisc colorimetry and smartphone imaging platform.

Autoři: Duan M Li G Shen J a další

Zdroj: Biosensors & bioelectronics [Biosens Bioelectron] 2025 Oct 15; Vol. 286, pp. 117611. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 20.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9001289 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4235 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09565663 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosens Bioelectron Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Biosensing Techniques*/instrumentation , Salmonella typhimurium*/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Colorimetry*/instrumentation, Smartphone ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; Animals ; Chickens/microbiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Food Microbiology ; Limit of Detection

Design of Lytic Phage Cocktails Targeting Salmonella : Synergistic Effects Based on In Vitro Lysis, In Vivo Protection, and Biofilm Intervention.

Autoři: Zhang M Song Q Liu Z a další

Zdroj: Viruses [Viruses] 2025 Oct 12; Vol. 17 (10). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 12.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101509722 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1999-4915 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19994915 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Viruses Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Biofilms*/growth & development , Salmonella Phages*/physiology , Salmonella Phages*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/virology , Salmonella typhimurium*/physiology , Phage Therapy*/methods , Salmonella enteritidis*/virology , Salmonella enteritidis*/physiology , Salmonella Infections*/therapy , Salmonella Infections*/prevention & control , Salmonella Infections*/microbiology , Salmonella*/virology , Salmonella*/physiology, Animals ; Moths/microbiology ; Bacteriolysis ; Larva/microbiology

NarL gene modulates the host lipid metabolism for survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in murine macrophages.

Autoři: Sahoo PR Kumar A Pashupathi M a další

Zdroj: Molecular biology reports [Mol Biol Rep] 2025 Oct 11; Vol. 52 (1), pp. 1016. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 11.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Reidel Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0403234 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-4978 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03014851 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Biol Rep Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/pathogenicity , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism*/genetics , Macrophages*/microbiology , Macrophages*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism, Animals ; Mice ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Lipid Droplets/metabolism ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics

The MarR family transcription factor SlyA senses iron and respiratory status in enteric bacteria.

Autoři: Will WR Fang FC

Zdroj: MBio [mBio] 2025 Oct 08; Vol. 16 (10), pp. e0139625. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 25.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: American Society for Microbiology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101519231 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2150-7511 (Electronic) NLM ISO Abbreviation: mBio Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Iron*/metabolism , Transcription Factors*/metabolism , Transcription Factors*/genetics , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Gentisates/metabolism ; Hydroxybenzoates/metabolism ; Parabens

Egg yolk immunoglobulin Y administration on Salmonella Typhimurium colonization, intestinal health, and growth performance in broiler chickens.

Autoři: Moosavi M Rahimi S Torshizi MAK a další

Zdroj: Poultry science [Poult Sci] 2025 Oct; Vol. 104 (10), pp. 105487. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 25.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401150 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1525-3171 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00325791 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Poult Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Chickens*/growth & development , Chickens*/immunology , Chickens*/physiology , Immunoglobulins*/administration & dosage , Immunoglobulins*/pharmacology , Salmonella typhimurium*/physiology , Salmonella typhimurium*/drug effects , Salmonella Infections, Animal*/microbiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal*/prevention & control , Salmonella Infections, Animal*/immunology , Poultry Diseases*/microbiology , Poultry Diseases*/prevention & control , Poultry Diseases*/immunology , Intestines*/microbiology , Intestines*/drug effects , Intestines*/physiology , Egg Yolk*/chemistry, Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Random Allocation ; Animal Feed/analysis

The Role of Carbenicillin as an Inhibitor of the Biofilm Regulator CsgD in Salmonella Typhimurium.

Autoři: Narimisa N Khoshbayan A Masjedian Jazi F a další

Zdroj: MicrobiologyOpen [Microbiologyopen] 2025 Oct; Vol. 14 (5), pp. e70081.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101588314 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-8827 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20458827 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiologyopen Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Biofilms*/drug effects , Biofilms*/growth & development , Salmonella typhimurium*/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium*/physiology , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Carbenicillin*/pharmacology , Carbenicillin*/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins*/antagonists & inhibitors , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , Bacterial Proteins*/chemistry , Trans-Activators*/antagonists & inhibitors , Trans-Activators*/metabolism, Molecular Docking Simulation ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Loss of NR2F6 Protects from Salmonella Typhimurium Infection.

Autoři: Woelk J Pfeifhofer-Obermair C Benz J a další

Zdroj: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) [Adv Sci (Weinh)] 2025 Oct; Vol. 12 (37), pp. e04280. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 02.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: WILEY-VCH Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101664569 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2198-3844 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21983844 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Sci (Weinh) Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/pathogenicity , Salmonella typhimurium*/immunology , Salmonella Infections*/immunology , Salmonella Infections*/genetics , Salmonella Infections*/metabolism , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear*/genetics , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear*/metabolism, Animals ; Mice ; Phagocytosis/genetics ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Spleen/metabolism ; Spleen/microbiology ; Immunity, Innate

Manganese transport systems of two enteric bacteria enhance their resistance to stress and enable the bacteria to evade the innate immune responses.

Autoři: Wang X Zhang F Dai Q a další

Zdroj: Cytokine [Cytokine] 2025 Oct; Vol. 194, pp. 157009. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 12.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9005353 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0023 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10434666 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cytokine Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Immunity, Innate*/immunology , Manganese*/metabolism , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Salmonella typhimurium*/immunology , Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli*/metabolism , Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli*/immunology , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Cation Transport Proteins*/metabolism , Stress, Physiological*, Animals ; Mice ; Macrophages/immunology ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress

Label-free electrochemical biosensor for real-time detection of live Salmonella typhimurium in salad samples using non-Faradaic EIS.

Autoři: Karmakar S Poudyal D Mishra KK a další

Zdroj: Biosensors & bioelectronics [Biosens Bioelectron] 2025 Dec 15; Vol. 290, pp. 117961. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 04.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9001289 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4235 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09565663 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosens Bioelectron Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Biosensing Techniques*/instrumentation , Biosensing Techniques*/economics , Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Salmonella typhimurium*/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhimurium*/pathogenicity , Food Microbiology* , Dielectric Spectroscopy*/instrumentation , Dielectric Spectroscopy*/methods , Food Contamination*/analysis, Limit of Detection ; Humans ; Equipment Design ; Reproducibility of Results ; Gold/chemistry

Radiation-responsive Salmonella mediate therapeutics precise delivery for synergistic tumor radio-immunotherapy.

Autoři: Chen H Zhu Y Peng W a další

Zdroj: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society [J Control Release] 2025 Dec 10; Vol. 388 (Pt 1), pp. 114292. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 09.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8607908 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01683659 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Control Release Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/radiation effects , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Immunotherapy*/methods , Neoplasms*/therapy, Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Mice ; Female ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; DNA Damage ; Radiation, Ionizing

Bimodal expression of Type 3 Secretion System 2 enables cooperative virulence among intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium.

Autoři: Pospíšilová M Dreus A Matheova P a další

Zdroj: PLoS pathogens [PLoS Pathog] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 21 (12), pp. e1013728. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 01 (Print Publication: 2025).

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101238921 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1553-7374 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15537366 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS Pathog Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Salmonella typhimurium*/pathogenicity , Salmonella typhimurium*/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , Type III Secretion Systems*/metabolism , Type III Secretion Systems*/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial* , Salmonella Infections*/microbiology , Salmonella Infections*/metabolism, Virulence ; Humans ; HeLa Cells ; Animals ; Mice ; Membrane Proteins ; Transcription Factors

A proof-of-concept study using a graphene oxide-bovine serum albumin nanocomposite-based electrochemical aptasensor platform for Salmonella typhimurium detection from chicken meat.

Autoři: Sonna S Srisawat C Jampasa S a další

Zdroj: The veterinary quarterly [Vet Q] 2025 Dec; Vol. 45 (1), pp. 2591482. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 24.

Způsob vydávání: Journal Article

Informace o časopise: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7909485 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1875-5941 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01652176 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Vet Q Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: Graphite*/chemistry , Salmonella typhimurium*/isolation & purification , Meat*/microbiology , Electrochemical Techniques*/methods , Electrochemical Techniques*/veterinary , Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Biosensing Techniques*/veterinary , Food Microbiology*/methods, Animals ; Chickens ; Nanocomposites/chemistry ; Aptamers, Nucleotide/chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry ; Proof of Concept Study ; Limit of Detection