Search Results - "Rhinitis, Allergic"

How Climate Change Is Impacting Allergic Rhinitis: A Scoping Review.

Authors: Pershad AR Krishnan R Lee E et al.

Source: The Laryngoscope [Laryngoscope] 2025 Aug; Vol. 135 (8), pp. 2670-2682. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Apr 09.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Scoping Review

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8607378 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1531-4995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0023852X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Laryngoscope Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Climate Change* , Rhinitis, Allergic*/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/etiology, Humans ; Pollen ; Global Health ; Seasons ; Adult ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology ; Child

Reply to correspondence: "The effectiveness of pollen allergen immunotherapy on allergic rhinitis over 18 years: A national cohort study in Denmark".

Authors: Bager P Wohlfahrt J Melbye M

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2024 Oct; Vol. 79 (10), pp. 2897-2898. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 03.

Publication Type: Letter

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Desensitization, Immunologic*/methods , Pollen*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology, Humans ; Denmark/epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Allergens/immunology ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy ; Rhinitis, Allergic/immunology ; Treatment Outcome

Correspondence: "The effectiveness of pollen allergen immunotherapy on allergic rhinitis over 18 years: A national cohort study in Denmark".

Authors: Porsbjerg C Fritzsching B Freemantle N et al.

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2024 Oct; Vol. 79 (10), pp. 2895-2896. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 05.

Publication Type: Letter; Comment

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Desensitization, Immunologic*/methods , Pollen*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology, Humans ; Denmark/epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Allergens/immunology ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy ; Rhinitis, Allergic/immunology ; Treatment Outcome ; Male ; Female ; Adult

Intranasal Versus Oral Treatments for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

Authors: Torres MI Gil-Mata S Bognanni A et al.

Corporate Authors: Torres MI Gil-Mata S Bognanni A et al.

Source: The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice [J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract] 2024 Dec; Vol. 12 (12), pp. 3404-3418. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 07.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Meta-Analysis; Comparative Study

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101597220 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2213-2201 (Electronic) NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Administration, Intranasal* , Histamine Antagonists*/therapeutic use , Rhinitis, Allergic*/drug therapy , Adrenal Cortex Hormones*/therapeutic use , Adrenal Cortex Hormones*/administration & dosage , Quality of Life*, Humans ; Administration, Oral ; Treatment Outcome ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Leukotriene Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use

Integrated analysis of remote sensing with meteorological and health data for allergic rhinitis forecasting in Tianjin.

Authors: Guo YD Wang Y Fan WY et al.

Source: International journal of biometeorology [Int J Biometeorol] 2024 Nov; Vol. 68 (11), pp. 2307-2319. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 06.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0374716 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1254 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00207128 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Biometeorol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Pollen* , Remote Sensing Technology* , Forecasting* , Rhinitis, Allergic*/epidemiology , Allergens*/analysis, China/epidemiology ; Humans ; Weather ; Cities/epidemiology ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology ; Meteorological Concepts ; Seasons

Intranasal antihistamines and corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Authors: Sousa-Pinto B Vieira RJ Brozek J et al.

Source: The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology [J Allergy Clin Immunol] 2024 Aug; Vol. 154 (2), pp. 340-354. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 27.

Publication Type: Systematic Review; Journal Article; Meta-Analysis

Journal Info: Publisher: Mosby Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 1275002 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1097-6825 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00916749 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Allergy Clin Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Administration, Intranasal* , Histamine Antagonists*/therapeutic use , Histamine Antagonists*/administration & dosage , Adrenal Cortex Hormones*/therapeutic use , Adrenal Cortex Hormones*/administration & dosage , Quality of Life* , Rhinitis, Allergic*/drug therapy, Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Outcome ; Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use ; Anti-Allergic Agents/administration & dosage ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy

Nasal allergen-neutralizing antibodies correlate closely with tolerated intranasal allergen challenge dose following grass pollen subcutaneous immunotherapy in patients with local allergic rhinitis.

Authors: Eguiluz-Gracia I Parkin RV Layhadi JA et al.

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2024 Aug; Vol. 79 (8), pp. 2197-2206. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 14.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Desensitization, Immunologic*/methods , Desensitization, Immunologic*/adverse effects , Allergens*/immunology , Allergens*/administration & dosage , Pollen*/immunology , Poaceae*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/therapy, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; Young Adult ; Nasal Provocation Tests ; Administration, Intranasal ; Treatment Outcome ; Immunoglobulin E/immunology ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy ; Injections, Subcutaneous

Clinical validation of grass pollen exposure chamber in patients with allergic rhinitis triggered by timothy grass.

Authors: Kosowska A Zemelka-Wiącek M Smolińska S et al.

Source: Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology [Clin Exp Allergy] 2024 Jul; Vol. 54 (7), pp. 489-499. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 14.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8906443 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2222 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09547894 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Exp Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Phleum*/immunology , Pollen*/immunology , Allergens*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/diagnosis , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/physiopathology, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Rhinitis, Allergic/diagnosis ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy ; Rhinitis, Allergic/immunology ; Middle Aged ; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers ; Young Adult ; Reproducibility of Results ; Nasal Provocation Tests ; Respiratory Function Tests

Diversity and Dosage Determine the Efficacy of the Probiotic SYN-53 in Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Authors: Bergmann KC Zuberbier T

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2025 Dec; Vol. 80 (12), pp. 3310-3318. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 10.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Probiotics*/administration & dosage , Probiotics*/therapeutic use , Conjunctivitis, Allergic*/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Allergic*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal* , Rhinitis, Allergic*, Humans ; Female ; Double-Blind Method ; Male ; Adult ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Allergens/immunology ; Pollen/immunology ; Adolescent

Validation of the Skin Prick Automated Test (SPAT) Cut-Off Value in Birch Pollen and House Dust Mite Allergic Rhinitis Patients.

Authors: Seys SF Gherasim A Odul F et al.

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2025 Dec; Vol. 80 (12), pp. 3302-3309. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 09.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Validation Study

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Skin Tests*/methods , Betula*/immunology , Pyroglyphidae*/immunology , Pollen*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/diagnosis , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/diagnosis , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology, Humans ; Adult ; Female ; Male ; Animals ; Middle Aged ; Allergens/immunology ; Young Adult ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Effect of Combined Chinese and Western Nursing on Allergic Rhinitis: A Controlled Trial Assessing Symptoms, Quality of Life, Nasal Function, and Inflammation.

Authors: Wang F Wang J

Source: Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE [J Vis Exp] 2025 Oct 14 (224). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 14.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Video-Audio Media; Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal Info: Publisher: MYJoVE Corporation Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101313252 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1940-087X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1940087X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Vis Exp Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Medicine, Chinese Traditional*/methods , Rhinitis, Allergic*/nursing , Rhinitis, Allergic*/physiopathology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial*/nursing , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial*/physiopathology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial*/therapy, Humans ; Quality of Life ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Inflammation/nursing

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG in a chewable colonizes the nose and facilitates local immune benefits in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients.

Authors: De Boeck I Spacova I Cauwenberghs E et al.

Source: Microbiology spectrum [Microbiol Spectr] 2025 Oct 07; Vol. 13 (10), pp. e0077325. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 02.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal Info: Publisher: ASM Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101634614 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2165-0497 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21650497 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiol Spectr Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus*/physiology , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus*/immunology , Probiotics*/administration & dosage , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/therapy , Nose*/microbiology , Nose*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/therapy, Humans ; Adult ; Double-Blind Method ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Pollen/immunology

Where eye meets body part 1: uniting allergy pathways in ocular and nasal disease - IgE on the offense.

Authors: Borges S Pereira VA Chang C et al.

Source: Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology [Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol] 2025 Oct 01; Vol. 25 (5), pp. 355-363. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 01.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal Info: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 100936359 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1473-6322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14736322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Conjunctivitis, Allergic*/immunology , Conjunctivitis, Allergic*/epidemiology , Conjunctivitis, Allergic*/drug therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/drug therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/drug therapy , Mast Cells*/immunology, Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/immunology ; Immunoglobulin E/metabolism ; Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Allergens/immunology

Artesunate alleviates chronic allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome via the CCR3/NF-κB pathway: a comprehensive analysis.

Authors: Zhang ZQ Bao YW Wang H et al.

Source: International immunopharmacology [Int Immunopharmacol] 2025 Dec 03; Vol. 166, pp. 115562. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 18.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 100965259 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-1705 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15675769 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int Immunopharmacol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Artesunate*/therapeutic use , Artesunate*/pharmacology , NF-kappa B*/metabolism , Rhinitis, Allergic*/drug therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology , Asthma*/drug therapy , Asthma*/immunology , Receptors, CCR3*/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents*/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents*/pharmacology, Animals ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Mice ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Humans ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Male ; Chronic Disease ; Lung/drug effects ; Lung/pathology ; Lung/immunology

Patients with allergic rhinitis are more likely to need a secondary adenoidectomy after 6 months.

Authors: Piperno S Archer T Archer S et al.

Source: International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology [Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 199, pp. 112646. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 11.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Scientific Publishers Country of Publication: Ireland NLM ID: 8003603 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1872-8464 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01655876 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Adenoidectomy*/statistics & numerical data , Adenoidectomy*/methods , Rhinitis, Allergic*/complications , Rhinitis, Allergic*/surgery , Adenoids*/pathology , Adenoids*/surgery , Reoperation*/statistics & numerical data, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Hypertrophy/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Databases, Factual ; Case-Control Studies ; Propensity Score

Real-World Effectiveness for Sublingual Allergen Immunotherapy Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents.

Authors: Okubo Y Kuwabara Y Sato S et al.

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2025 Dec; Vol. 80 (12), pp. 3359-3368. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 09.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Sublingual Immunotherapy*/methods , Sublingual Immunotherapy*/economics , Allergens*/immunology , Allergens*/administration & dosage , Rhinitis, Allergic*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology, Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Female ; Male ; Treatment Outcome ; Health Care Costs ; Child, Preschool ; Pyroglyphidae/immunology ; Animals

The Minimal Clinically Important Difference in Allergen Immunotherapy: An Evidence-Based Approach.

Authors: Pfaar O Mösges R Blaiss MS et al.

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2025 Dec; Vol. 80 (12), pp. 3369-3376. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 18.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Desensitization, Immunologic*/methods , Minimal Clinically Important Difference* , Allergens*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology, Humans ; Quality of Life ; Treatment Outcome ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Middle Aged ; Poaceae/immunology ; Adolescent ; Young Adult

Selective PAR2 Inhibition Attenuates HDM-Induced Th1/Th2 Responses in Human Epithelial and Murine Models of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma.

Authors: Kang M Seo Y Seo JH et al.

Source: International forum of allergy & rhinology [Int Forum Allergy Rhinol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 15 (12), pp. 1359-1372. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 11.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Published for ARS-AAOA by Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101550261 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2042-6984 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20426976 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int Forum Allergy Rhinol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Receptor, PAR-2*/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, PAR-2*/genetics , Asthma*/immunology , Asthma*/drug therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/drug therapy , Th2 Cells*/immunology , Th1 Cells*/immunology, Animals ; Humans ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice ; Pyroglyphidae/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Mice, Knockout ; Epithelial Cells/immunology ; Nasal Mucosa/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; Cells, Cultured

Long-term risk of allergic diseases after allergic proctocolitis: A clinical perspective.

Authors: Kazancioglu A Ozdemiral C Gur Cetinkaya P et al.

Source: Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology [Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 135 (6), pp. 689-695.e3. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 21.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9503580 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1534-4436 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10811206 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Proctocolitis*/immunology , Proctocolitis*/epidemiology , Asthma*/epidemiology , Asthma*/immunology , Food Hypersensitivity*/immunology , Food Hypersensitivity*/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic*/immunology, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Case-Control Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Immunoglobulin E/immunology ; Milk Hypersensitivity/immunology ; Milk Hypersensitivity/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Prevalence ; Infant ; Risk Factors ; Adolescent

Genome-Wide Blood DNA Methylation Profiling in Birch Pollen Allergic Patients Undergoing Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy.

Authors: Lahnsteiner A Ellmer V Hao M et al.

Source: Allergy [Allergy] 2025 Dec; Vol. 80 (12), pp. 3412-3423. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 09.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 7804028 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1398-9995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01054538 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Allergy Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: DNA Methylation* , Betula*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/genetics , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal*/blood , Pollen*/immunology , Desensitization, Immunologic*/methods , Allergens*/immunology, Humans ; Adult ; Male ; Female ; Biomarkers ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Middle Aged