Suchergebnisse - "Protozoan Proteins"

Biophysical and functional characterization of IgE interactions with a malaria antigen.

Autoren: Adam AI Sutton BJ McDonnell JM

Quelle: Biochemical and biophysical research communications [Biochem Biophys Res Commun] 2025 Dec 15; Vol. 792, pp. 152938. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 16.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0372516 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1090-2104 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0006291X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Immunoglobulin E*/immunology , Immunoglobulin E*/chemistry , Immunoglobulin E*/metabolism , Plasmodium falciparum*/immunology , Protozoan Proteins*/immunology , Protozoan Proteins*/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Antigens, Protozoan*/immunology , Antigens, Protozoan*/chemistry , Antigens, Protozoan*/metabolism, Humans ; Surface Plasmon Resonance ; Protein Binding ; Malaria, Falciparum/immunology ; Cell Degranulation ; Receptors, IgE/immunology ; Receptors, IgE/metabolism

Machine learning enables de novo multiepitope design of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein to target trimeric L9 antibody.

Autoren: Nelson JAD Garfinkle SE Lin ZJ et al.

Quelle: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2025 Dec 09; Vol. 122 (49), pp. e2512358122. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 03.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Protozoan Proteins*/immunology , Protozoan Proteins*/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Plasmodium falciparum*/immunology , Machine Learning* , Epitopes*/immunology , Epitopes*/chemistry , Antibodies, Protozoan*/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal*/immunology, Humans ; Malaria Vaccines/immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control

Long-tailed class I myosins rely on tail-mediated phosphoinositide recognition for specific membrane recruitment.

Autoren: Rajendraprasad G Kyriazi D Franz P et al.

Quelle: Cell communication and signaling : CCS [Cell Commun Signal] 2025 Dec 04; Vol. 23 (1), pp. 519. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 04.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101170464 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1478-811X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1478811X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cell Commun Signal Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Phosphatidylinositols*/metabolism , Dictyostelium*/metabolism , Dictyostelium*/cytology , Cell Membrane*/metabolism , Myosin Type I*/metabolism , Myosin Type I*/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/chemistry, Protein Binding ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry

MAP-X reveals distinct protein complex dynamics across Plasmodium falciparum blood stages.

Autoren: Pazicky S Tjia S Farias GB et al.

Quelle: Nature microbiology [Nat Microbiol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 10 (12), pp. 3229-3244. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 28.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101674869 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2058-5276 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20585276 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Plasmodium falciparum*/growth & development , Plasmodium falciparum*/metabolism , Plasmodium falciparum*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Erythrocytes*/parasitology , Protein Interaction Mapping*/methods, Proteome ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Proteomics/methods ; Life Cycle Stages

Toxoplasma effector TgROP1 establishes membrane contact sites with the endoplasmic reticulum during infection.

Autoren: Mehra C Alvarado Valverde J Matias AMN et al.

Quelle: Nature microbiology [Nat Microbiol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 10 (12), pp. 3331-3345. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 25.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101674869 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2058-5276 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20585276 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Toxoplasma*/metabolism , Toxoplasma*/genetics , Toxoplasma*/pathogenicity , Toxoplasma*/growth & development , Endoplasmic Reticulum*/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum*/parasitology , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Toxoplasmosis*/parasitology , Toxoplasmosis*/metabolism, Humans ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/genetics ; Vacuoles/metabolism ; Vacuoles/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Animals

Plasmodium falciparum gene expression signatures and antibody profiling implicate the fikk, phist, and surf multigene families in severe malaria syndromes.

Autoren: Cummings BE Stucke EM Coulibaly D et al.

Quelle: The Journal of infection [J Infect] 2025 Dec; Vol. 91 (6), pp. 106655. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 12.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: W.B. Saunders Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7908424 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-2742 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01634453 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Infect Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Plasmodium falciparum*/genetics , Plasmodium falciparum*/immunology , Malaria, Falciparum*/immunology , Malaria, Falciparum*/parasitology , Antibodies, Protozoan*/blood , Antibodies, Protozoan*/immunology , Multigene Family* , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/immunology, Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Mali ; Male ; Malaria, Cerebral/parasitology ; Malaria, Cerebral/immunology ; Child ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Anemia/parasitology ; Anemia/immunology ; Antigens, Protozoan/immunology ; Antigens, Protozoan/genetics ; Infant

Myosin 2 drives actin contractility in fast-crawling species outside of the amorphean lineage.

Autoren: Guest SL Velle KB Jacques SM et al.

Quelle: Current biology : CB [Curr Biol] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 35 (23), pp. 5696-5708.e6. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 12.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Cell Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9107782 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0445 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09609822 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Curr Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Actins*/metabolism , Myosin Type II*/metabolism , Myosin Type II*/genetics , Naegleria*/physiology , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Cell Movement*/physiology

Trypanosoma cruzi P21 Is a Pleiotropic Protein That Is Involved in Parasite Host Cell Invasion and Intracellular Parasitism.

Autoren: Uombe NPI Velikkakam T Silveira ACA et al.

Quelle: MicrobiologyOpen [Microbiologyopen] 2025 Dec; Vol. 14 (6), pp. e70154.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101588314 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-8827 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20458827 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiologyopen Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Trypanosoma cruzi*/genetics , Trypanosoma cruzi*/pathogenicity , Trypanosoma cruzi*/growth & development , Trypanosoma cruzi*/physiology , Trypanosoma cruzi*/metabolism , Chagas Disease*/parasitology , Host-Parasite Interactions* , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism, Animals ; Vero Cells ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Mice ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Virulence ; Disease Models, Animal ; CRISPR-Cas Systems

Practicing self-control: Leishmania TKUL exhibits intramolecular kinase-ubiquitin ligase crosstalk.

Autoren: Bhark SJ Pruneda JN

Quelle: Trends in parasitology [Trends Parasitol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 41 (12), pp. 1080-1082. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 29.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100966034 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-5007 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14714922 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Trends Parasitol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases*/metabolism , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Leishmania*/enzymology , Leishmaniasis*/parasitology , Leishmania mexicana*/enzymology , Leishmania mexicana*/pathogenicity, Humans ; Animals

Toxoplasma gondii VIP1 mediates parasitophorous vacuole-host endoplasmic reticulum interactions to facilitate parasite development.

Autoren: Romano JD Buh R Grudda T et al.

Quelle: Nature microbiology [Nat Microbiol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 10 (12), pp. 3315-3330. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 10.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101674869 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2058-5276 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20585276 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Toxoplasma*/growth & development , Toxoplasma*/genetics , Toxoplasma*/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum*/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum*/parasitology , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Vacuoles*/parasitology , Vacuoles*/metabolism , Host-Parasite Interactions*, Humans ; Animals ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics

Cryptosporidium exports a mucin glycoprotein into the microvilli of intestinal epithelium.

Autoren: Xu R Li J Wu W et al.

Quelle: Virulence [Virulence] 2025 Dec; Vol. 16 (1), pp. 2553780. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 02.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101531386 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2150-5608 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21505594 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Virulence Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Mucins*/metabolism , Mucins*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Intestinal Mucosa*/parasitology , Intestinal Mucosa*/metabolism , Microvilli*/metabolism , Microvilli*/parasitology , Cryptosporidium parvum*/genetics , Cryptosporidium parvum*/metabolism , Cryptosporidium parvum*/pathogenicity, Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology ; Sporozoites/metabolism ; Protein Transport

Nhe1 is required for directional sensing in vegetative Dictyostelium cell migration.

Autoren: Han U Han N Jeon TJ

Quelle: Cell adhesion & migration [Cell Adh Migr] 2025 Dec; Vol. 19 (1), pp. 2514374. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 03.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101469464 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1933-6926 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19336918 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cell Adh Migr Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Dictyostelium*/metabolism , Dictyostelium*/cytology , Dictyostelium*/physiology , Dictyostelium*/genetics , Cell Movement* , Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers*/metabolism , Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics, Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; Chemotaxis/drug effects ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Folic Acid/pharmacology ; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1 ; Calcium Signaling

Manipulation of macrophage signaling by Leishmania virulence factors.

Autoren: Gurjar D Bodhale N Shukla D et al.

Quelle: Virulence [Virulence] 2025 Dec; Vol. 16 (1), pp. 2549802. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 08.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Review

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101531386 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2150-5608 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21505594 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Virulence Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Virulence Factors*/metabolism , Virulence Factors*/genetics , Signal Transduction* , Macrophages*/parasitology , Macrophages*/immunology , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Leishmania*/pathogenicity , Leishmaniasis*/parasitology , Leishmaniasis*/immunology , Leishmania major*/pathogenicity, Humans ; Animals

Vesicle adaptors in malaria parasites show conservation and flexibility of protein sorting machinery.

Autoren: Cubillán-Marín J Fröhlke U Ramón-Zamorano G et al.

Quelle: The Journal of cell biology [J Cell Biol] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 224 (12). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 13.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Rockefeller University Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0375356 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1540-8140 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00219525 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Cell Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Plasmodium falciparum*/metabolism , Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport*/metabolism , Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport*/genetics, Protein Transport ; Humans ; Animals ; Adaptor Protein Complex 1/metabolism ; Adaptor Protein Complex 1/genetics ; Adaptor Protein Complex 3/metabolism ; Adaptor Protein Complex 3/genetics ; Adaptor Protein Complex 4/metabolism ; Adaptor Protein Complex 4/genetics

Involvement of a variant secretory protein in virulence of emerging Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes.

Autoren: Li F Li J Tang Y et al.

Quelle: Virulence [Virulence] 2025 Dec; Vol. 16 (1), pp. 2514077. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 04.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101531386 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2150-5608 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21505594 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Virulence Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Cryptosporidium parvum*/genetics , Cryptosporidium parvum*/pathogenicity , Cryptosporidium parvum*/classification , Cryptosporidiosis*/parasitology , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Virulence Factors*/genetics , Virulence Factors*/metabolism, Animals ; Mice ; Virulence ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Genome, Protozoan ; Female ; Oocysts

Immunogenic protein profiling of Giardia duodenalis via OFFGEL™ separation and LC-MS/MS.

Autoren: Roshidi N Aziz AFE Wong WK et al.

Quelle: Microbial pathogenesis [Microb Pathog] 2025 Dec; Vol. 209, pp. 108085. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 04.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8606191 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-1208 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08824010 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microb Pathog Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Giardia lamblia*/immunology , Giardia lamblia*/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins*/immunology , Protozoan Proteins*/isolation & purification , Antigens, Protozoan*/immunology, Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Giardiasis/immunology ; Giardiasis/parasitology ; Proteomics/methods ; Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Trophozoites/immunology ; Trophozoites/chemistry ; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Why transport matters: an update on carrier proteins in Apicomplexan parasites.

Autoren: Haase S Sateriale A

Quelle: Current opinion in microbiology [Curr Opin Microbiol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 88, pp. 102663. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 08.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Review

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Current Biology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9815056 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0364 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13695274 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Curr Opin Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Apicomplexa*/metabolism , Apicomplexa*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/chemistry , Membrane Transport Proteins*/metabolism , Membrane Transport Proteins*/genetics , Membrane Transport Proteins*/chemistry , Carrier Proteins*/metabolism , Carrier Proteins*/genetics , Carrier Proteins*/chemistry, Biological Transport ; Animals

Recombinant expression and purification of Plasmodium heme detoxification protein in E. coli: Challenges and discoveries.

Autoren: Singh R Makde RD

Quelle: Protein expression and purification [Protein Expr Purif] 2025 Dec; Vol. 236, pp. 106789. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 07.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9101496 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0279 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10465928 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Protein Expr Purif Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Escherichia coli*/genetics , Escherichia coli*/metabolism , Hemeproteins*/genetics , Hemeproteins*/isolation & purification , Hemeproteins*/biosynthesis , Hemeproteins*/chemistry , Hemeproteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Protozoan Proteins*/isolation & purification , Protozoan Proteins*/biosynthesis , Protozoan Proteins*/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Heme*/metabolism , Plasmodium falciparum*/genetics , Plasmodium falciparum*/metabolism, Recombinant Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Gene Expression ; Cloning, Molecular

PfCSP-ferritin nanoparticle malaria vaccine antigen formulated with aluminum-salt and CpG 1018® adjuvants: Preformulation characterization, antigen-adjuvant interactions, and mouse immunogenicity studies.

Autoren: Hickey JM Sharma N Fairlamb M et al.

Quelle: Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics [Hum Vaccin Immunother] 2025 Dec; Vol. 21 (1), pp. 2460749. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Feb 04.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101572652 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2164-554X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21645515 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Hum Vaccin Immunother Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Malaria Vaccines*/immunology , Malaria Vaccines*/administration & dosage , Malaria Vaccines*/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic*/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles*/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins*/immunology , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides*/administration & dosage , Adjuvants, Vaccine*/administration & dosage , Immunogenicity, Vaccine* , Antigens, Protozoan*/immunology , Antigens, Protozoan*/genetics , Ferritins*/immunology , Ferritins*/genetics , Aluminum Hydroxide*/administration & dosage, Animals ; Plasmodium falciparum/immunology ; Mice ; Female ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage ; Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics ; Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control

Tepsin and AP4 mediate transport from the trans-Golgi to the plant-like vacuole in toxoplasma.

Autoren: Grech J Shinde AP Periz J et al.

Quelle: The Journal of cell biology [J Cell Biol] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 224 (12). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 13.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Rockefeller University Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0375356 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1540-8140 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00219525 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Cell Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Toxoplasma*/metabolism , Toxoplasma*/genetics , Vacuoles*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/metabolism , Protozoan Proteins*/genetics , Adaptor Protein Complex 4*/metabolism , Adaptor Protein Complex 4*/genetics , trans-Golgi Network*/metabolism, Protein Transport ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Clathrin/metabolism