Výsledky vyhľadávania - "Oxycodone"

Evaluating the reinforcing properties of oxycodone and oxymorphone using intravenous drug self-administration in male rats.

Autori: Rashvand M Funk D Fletcher PJ a ďalší

Zdroj: Neuropharmacology [Neuropharmacology] 2025 Dec 15; Vol. 281, pp. 110698. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 23.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0236217 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7064 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00283908 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neuropharmacology Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Oxycodone*/pharmacology , Oxymorphone*/administration & dosage , Oxymorphone*/pharmacology , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Reinforcement, Psychology*, Animals ; Male ; Self Administration ; Rats ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Rats, Wistar ; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Administration, Intravenous ; Extinction, Psychological/drug effects

Innate immune mechanisms underlying the efficacy of a next-generation nanoparticle-based vaccine against opioid use disorders.

Autori: Hamid FA Rostamizadeh K Skiados N a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society [J Control Release] 2025 Dec 10; Vol. 388 (Pt 1), pp. 114294. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 06.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8607908 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01683659 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Control Release Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Vaccines*/administration & dosage , Vaccines*/immunology , Nanoparticles*/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Opioid-Related Disorders*/immunology , Opioid-Related Disorders*/prevention & control , Oxycodone*/immunology , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage, Animals ; Immunity, Innate/drug effects ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Fentanyl/immunology ; Fentanyl/administration & dosage ; Rats ; Female ; Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage ; Mice ; Lipids/chemistry ; Humans

Effect of Bariatric Surgery on the Pharmacokinetics of Codeine, Oxycodone and Tramadol-A Case Series.

Autori: Spigset O Krabseth HM Strømmen M a ďalší

Zdroj: Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology [Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 137 (6), pp. e70149.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101208422 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1742-7843 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17427835 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/pharmacokinetics , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Codeine*/pharmacokinetics , Codeine*/administration & dosage , Tramadol*/pharmacokinetics , Tramadol*/administration & dosage , Bariatric Surgery*/adverse effects , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacokinetics , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Area Under Curve ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy ; Morphine Derivatives

Association between oxycodone-acetaminophen use and acute kidney injury in patients with lower extremity fractures: A retrospective cohort study.

Autori: Tian C Zhang P Niu G a ďalší

Zdroj: Medicine [Medicine (Baltimore)] 2025 Nov 14; Vol. 104 (46), pp. e45687.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Observational Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 2985248R Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1536-5964 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00257974 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Medicine (Baltimore) Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/adverse effects , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Acetaminophen*/adverse effects , Acetaminophen*/administration & dosage , Acute Kidney Injury*/chemically induced , Acute Kidney Injury*/epidemiology , Fractures, Bone*/complications , Analgesics, Opioid*/adverse effects , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage, Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Lower Extremity/injuries ; Drug Combinations ; Adult ; Risk Factors

Prior adolescent oxycodone exposure enhances pain sensitivity following chronic intermittent ethanol in adult female mice.

Autori: Wilson LL Albrechet-Souza L Ha L a ďalší

Zdroj: Physiology & behavior [Physiol Behav] 2025 Nov 01; Vol. 301, pp. 115067. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 16.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0151504 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-507X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00319384 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Physiol Behav Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/pharmacology , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Ethanol*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacology , Pain Threshold*/drug effects , Hyperalgesia*/chemically induced , Hyperalgesia*/physiopathology , Central Nervous System Depressants*/administration & dosage, Animals ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Sex Characteristics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Pain Measurement ; Hot Temperature

Mice lacking the endocannabinoid-synthesizing enzyme NAPE-PLD exhibit sex-dependent dysregulations in responsiveness to oxycodone and a natural reward.

Autori: Woodward TJ Sizemore E Balaji A a ďalší

Zdroj: Neuropharmacology [Neuropharmacology] 2025 Nov 01; Vol. 278, pp. 110573. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 26.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0236217 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7064 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00283908 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neuropharmacology Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/pharmacology , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Phospholipase D*/genetics , Phospholipase D*/deficiency , Reward* , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacology , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Sex Characteristics* , Endocannabinoids*/metabolism , Endocannabinoids*/biosynthesis, Animals ; Male ; Female ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Oxycodone versus Sufentanil for Postoperative Recovery in Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Autori: Yao X Wang Z Zhang Y a ďalší

Zdroj: Drug design, development and therapy [Drug Des Devel Ther] 2025 Oct 17; Vol. 19, pp. 9387-9397. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 17 (Print Publication: 2025).

Spôsob vydávania: Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Dove Press Limited Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101475745 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1177-8881 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11778881 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Drug Des Devel Ther Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid*/adverse effects , Bariatric Surgery* , Laparoscopy* , Obesity*/surgery , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Oxycodone*/therapeutic use , Oxycodone*/adverse effects , Pain, Postoperative*/drug therapy , Sufentanil*/administration & dosage , Sufentanil*/therapeutic use , Sufentanil*/adverse effects, Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Double-Blind Method

[Expert consensus on the clinical application of oxycodone injection (2025 edition)].

Korporácia: Pain Group of the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology

Zdroj: Zhonghua yi xue za zhi [Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi] 2025 Dec 02; Vol. 105 (44), pp. 4024-4040.

Spôsob vydávania: English Abstract; Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Zhonghua yi xue hui Country of Publication: China NLM ID: 7511141 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0376-2491 (Print) Linking ISSN: 03762491 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/therapeutic use , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Pain Management* , Analgesics, Opioid*/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage, Humans ; Consensus ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy ; Injections

Oxycodone self-administration and drug-primed responding in male and female squirrel monkeys: Effects of alternative reinforcer availability.

Autori: de Moura FB Booth RG Kohut SJ

Zdroj: The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics [J Pharmacol Exp Ther] 2025 Nov; Vol. 392 (11), pp. 103714. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 22.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0376362 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1521-0103 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00223565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Oxycodone*/pharmacology , Reinforcement, Psychology*, Animals ; Female ; Self Administration ; Male ; Saimiri ; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

SIRT1-mediated deacetylation and activation of MEK/ERK pathway decreased IL-6 in spinal dorsal horn to promote oxycodone tolerance.

Autori: Hu S Zhou F Lin B a ďalší

Zdroj: Neuropharmacology [Neuropharmacology] 2025 Nov 01; Vol. 278, pp. 110585. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 04.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0236217 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7064 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00283908 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neuropharmacology Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/pharmacology , Sirtuin 1*/metabolism , Interleukin-6*/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System*/drug effects , MAP Kinase Signaling System*/physiology , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacology , Drug Tolerance*/physiology , Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn*/metabolism , Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn*/drug effects, Animals ; Male ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mice ; Acetylation/drug effects

Evaluation of the effectiveness and adverse events of oxycodone as a pain-relieving agent in 103 dogs with tumors: a retrospective study.

Autori: Ko BG Kim TH Namkung H a ďalší

Zdroj: BMC veterinary research [BMC Vet Res] 2025 Oct 02; Vol. 21 (1), pp. 555. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 02.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101249759 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1746-6148 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17466148 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Vet Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/therapeutic use , Oxycodone*/adverse effects , Dog Diseases*/drug therapy , Analgesics, Opioid*/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid*/adverse effects , Neoplasms*/veterinary , Neoplasms*/complications , Pain*/veterinary , Pain*/drug therapy , Pain*/etiology , Cancer Pain*/veterinary , Cancer Pain*/drug therapy, Animals ; Dogs ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Treatment Outcome

Oxycodone/naloxone PR versus oxycodone PR in advanced cancer: A multi-centre randomised trial (ENhANCE trial).

Autori: Wong AK Grobler A Mendis R a ďalší

Zdroj: Palliative medicine [Palliat Med] 2025 Oct; Vol. 39 (9), pp. 999-1009. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 27.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Comparative Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: SAGE Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8704926 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1477-030X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02692163 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Palliat Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/therapeutic use , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Oxycodone*/adverse effects , Naloxone*/therapeutic use , Naloxone*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/adverse effects , Cancer Pain*/drug therapy , Opioid-Induced Constipation*/prevention & control , Opioid-Induced Constipation*/drug therapy , Neoplasms*/complications, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Drug Combinations ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Constipation/chemically induced ; COVID-19

From dealer to doctor: A case study examining how Purdue Pharma sought to leverage racial health disparities to attenuate flagging OxyContin sales.

Autori: Rosenman E Buck RK Anjum N a ďalší

Zdroj: Social science & medicine (1982) [Soc Sci Med] 2025 Oct; Vol. 382, pp. 118132. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 13.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Pergamon Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8303205 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-5347 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02779536 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Soc Sci Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/therapeutic use , Oxycodone*/economics , Drug Industry*/economics , Drug Industry*/methods , Analgesics, Opioid*/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid*/economics , Healthcare Disparities* , Commerce* , Health Status Disparities*, Humans ; Racism ; United States ; Opioid-Related Disorders

High dose opioid agonist therapy for patients with opioid use disorder: a case series exploring this patient-centered approach.

Autori: Nigam P Marx J Olasimbo O a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of addictive diseases [J Addict Dis] 2025 Oct-Dec; Vol. 43 (4), pp. 386-393. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 02.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Case Reports

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9107051 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1545-0848 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10550887 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Addict Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Opioid-Related Disorders*/drug therapy , Opiate Substitution Treatment*/methods , Buprenorphine*/administration & dosage , Buprenorphine*/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/therapeutic use , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome*/drug therapy , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Oxycodone*/therapeutic use, Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Patient-Centered Care ; Methadone/administration & dosage ; Methadone/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome

Modulating Placebo Effects in Clinical Trials: Study Team Briefing to Optimize Drug-Placebo Differences.

Autori: Coenen M Bingel U Soledad Berdaguer M a ďalší

Zdroj: Clinical and translational science [Clin Transl Sci] 2025 Nov; Vol. 18 (11), pp. e70399.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: WileyBlackwell Pub Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101474067 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1752-8062 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17528054 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Transl Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Placebo Effect* , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Pain*/drug therapy , Pain*/psychology , Pain*/diagnosis, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Pain Measurement ; Young Adult ; Treatment Outcome ; Double-Blind Method ; Placebos/administration & dosage

Opposing effects of mu opioid receptors on dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expressing neurons in opioid mediated antinociception.

Autori: Alderete J Tanzillo A Miller J a ďalší

Zdroj: The journal of pain [J Pain] 2025 Oct; Vol. 35, pp. 105474. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 25.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Churchill Livingstone Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 100898657 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1528-8447 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15265900 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Pain Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Receptors, Opioid, mu*/metabolism , Receptors, Opioid, mu*/genetics , Receptors, Dopamine D2*/metabolism , Receptors, Dopamine D1*/metabolism , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacology , Nociception*/drug effects , Nociception*/physiology , Oxycodone*/pharmacology , Neurons*/metabolism , Neurons*/drug effects, Animals ; Mice ; Male ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Comparative Risks of Opioid Overdose in Patients on Oxycodone Initiating Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.

Autori: Bykov K Basham CA Khan NF a ďalší

Zdroj: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) [Epidemiology] 2026 Jan 01; Vol. 37 (1), pp. 132-140. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 15.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Comparative Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9009644 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1531-5487 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10443983 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Epidemiology Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors*/adverse effects , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors*/therapeutic use , Oxycodone*/adverse effects , Oxycodone*/therapeutic use , Opiate Overdose*/epidemiology , Analgesics, Opioid*/adverse effects, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; United States/epidemiology ; Citalopram/therapeutic use ; Citalopram/adverse effects ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Cohort Studies ; Paroxetine/therapeutic use ; Paroxetine/adverse effects ; Escitalopram/therapeutic use ; Escitalopram/adverse effects ; Sertraline/therapeutic use ; Sertraline/adverse effects ; Fluoxetine/adverse effects ; Fluoxetine/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination

Controlled transdermal delivery of oxycodone by pulsed iontophoresis: In vitro and in vivo evaluations.

Autori: Kamalabadi M Ghoorchian A Derakhshandeh K a ďalší

Zdroj: Therapeutic delivery [Ther Deliv] 2025 Sep; Vol. 16 (9), pp. 807-818. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 16.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101538870 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2041-6008 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20415990 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ther Deliv Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Iontophoresis*/methods , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Oxycodone*/pharmacokinetics , Oxycodone*/chemistry , Skin*/metabolism , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacokinetics, Animals ; Administration, Cutaneous ; Skin Absorption ; Rats ; Male ; Permeability ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods

Postmortem Redistribution of Oxycodone.

Autori: Defraia B Focardi M Aprile A a ďalší

Zdroj: Drug testing and analysis [Drug Test Anal] 2025 Sep; Vol. 17 (9), pp. 1614-1622. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Feb 11.

Spôsob vydávania: Case Reports; Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101483449 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1942-7611 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19427603 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Drug Test Anal Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Oxycodone*/analysis , Oxycodone*/blood , Oxycodone*/pharmacokinetics , Oxycodone*/poisoning , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacokinetics , Analgesics, Opioid*/analysis , Analgesics, Opioid*/blood , Analgesics, Opioid*/poisoning, Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Alprazolam/analysis ; Postmortem Changes ; Tissue Distribution ; Bromazepam/analysis ; Forensic Toxicology ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods ; Autopsy

Inhibition of the nucleus accumbens core with DREADDs after acute and repeated exposure to oxycodone reduces locomotor activity in female but not male Rattus norvegicus.

Autori: Midani LC Jesurum JS Bachant MG a ďalší

Zdroj: Neuroscience letters [Neurosci Lett] 2025 Aug 10; Vol. 863, pp. 138304. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 18.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Country of Publication: Ireland NLM ID: 7600130 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1872-7972 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03043940 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurosci Lett Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Nucleus Accumbens*/drug effects , Nucleus Accumbens*/physiology , Oxycodone*/pharmacology , Oxycodone*/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid*/pharmacology , Analgesics, Opioid*/administration & dosage , Locomotion*/drug effects , Motor Activity*/drug effects, Animals ; Male ; Female ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sex Characteristics ; Rats ; Clozapine/analogs & derivatives ; Clozapine/pharmacology