Výsledky vyhľadávania - "Hepacivirus"

Norway rat hepacivirus resembles hepatitis C virus in terms of intra-host evolution and escape from neutralizing antibodies.

Autori: Thorselius CE Wolfisberg R Fahnøe U a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of hepatology [J Hepatol] 2025 Oct; Vol. 83 (4), pp. 870-880. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Mar 15.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8503886 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1600-0641 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01688278 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Hepatol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Antibodies, Neutralizing*/immunology , Hepacivirus*/immunology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepatitis C*/immunology , Hepatitis C*/virology, Animals ; Rats ; Disease Models, Animal ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; Immune Evasion ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics ; Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology ; Mutation

Identification of claudin-3 as an entry factor for rat hepacivirus.

Autori: Tanaka T Akaike Y Kasai H a ďalší

Zdroj: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2025 Oct 07; Vol. 122 (40), pp. e2508736122. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 02.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepacivirus*/physiology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Virus Internalization* , Claudin-3*/metabolism , Claudin-3*/genetics, Animals ; Rats ; Humans ; Cell Line ; Hepatitis C/virology ; Hepatitis C/metabolism ; Tetraspanin 28/metabolism

Structural insights into the role of eIF3 in translation mediated by the HCV IRES.

Autori: Iwasaki W Kashiwagi K Sakamoto A a ďalší

Zdroj: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2025 Dec 09; Vol. 122 (49), pp. e2505538122. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 03.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3*/metabolism , Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3*/chemistry , Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/metabolism , Internal Ribosome Entry Sites*/genetics , Protein Biosynthesis* , RNA, Viral*/genetics , RNA, Viral*/metabolism , RNA, Viral*/chemistry, Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Humans ; Ribosomes/metabolism ; Protein Binding

Factors associated with phylogenetic clustering of hepatitis C virus, mainly among people who inject drugs who access HIV prevention services in South Africa, 2016-2017.

Autori: Ndlovu NL Scheibe A Hausler H a ďalší

Zdroj: PloS one [PLoS One] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 20 (12), pp. e0336614. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 01 (Print Publication: 2025).

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Phylogeny* , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/classification , Hepatitis C*/epidemiology , Hepatitis C*/virology , Hepatitis C*/transmission , HIV Infections*/prevention & control , HIV Infections*/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Intravenous*/complications , Substance Abuse, Intravenous*/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Intravenous*/virology, Humans ; Male ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Adult ; Female ; Genotype ; Middle Aged ; Cluster Analysis ; Young Adult ; Homosexuality, Male

Risk of Hepatitis C Transmission After Liver Transplantation From Hepatitis C Nonviremic, Antibody-positive Donors Into Nonviremic Recipients in the Era of Mandated Testing.

Autori: Okumura K Misawa R Nishida S a ďalší

Zdroj: Transplantation [Transplantation] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 109 (12), pp. 1871-1876. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 24.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0132144 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1534-6080 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00411337 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Transplantation Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Liver Transplantation*/adverse effects , Hepatitis C*/transmission , Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C*/virology , Hepatitis C*/blood , Hepatitis C Antibodies*/blood , Hepacivirus*/immunology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Tissue Donors* , Donor Selection* , Viremia*/virology , Viremia*/diagnosis, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Risk Factors ; Risk Assessment ; Retrospective Studies ; Graft Survival ; Aged ; Time Factors

Towards an HCV vaccine: an overview of the immunization strategies for eliciting an effective B-cell response.

Autori: Costa GL Sautto GA

Zdroj: Expert review of vaccines [Expert Rev Vaccines] 2025 Dec; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 96-120. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jan 28.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101155475 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1744-8395 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14760584 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Expert Rev Vaccines Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Viral Hepatitis Vaccines*/immunology , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines*/administration & dosage , Hepacivirus*/immunology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , B-Lymphocytes*/immunology , Hepatitis C*/prevention & control , Hepatitis C*/immunology , Hepatitis C, Chronic*/prevention & control , Hepatitis C, Chronic*/immunology, Humans ; Vaccine Development/methods ; Animals ; Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology ; Vaccination/methods ; Immunity, Humoral

Regulation of viral hepatitis by N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation.

Autori: Moon JS Siddiqui A Kim GW

Zdroj: Emerging microbes & infections [Emerg Microbes Infect] 2025 Dec; Vol. 14 (1), pp. 2544726. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 17.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101594885 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2222-1751 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22221751 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Emerg Microbes Infect Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Adenosine*/analogs & derivatives , Adenosine*/metabolism , RNA, Viral*/metabolism , RNA, Viral*/genetics , Hepatitis Delta Virus*/genetics , Hepatitis Delta Virus*/pathogenicity , Hepatitis Delta Virus*/physiology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/pathogenicity , Hepacivirus*/physiology , Hepatitis B virus*/genetics , Hepatitis B virus*/pathogenicity , Hepatitis B virus*/physiology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human*/virology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human*/metabolism, Humans ; Methylation ; Virus Replication ; Animals ; RNA Methylation

Application analysis of two nucleic acid detection systems in blood detection of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus.

Autori: Wang T Zhang J

Zdroj: PeerJ [PeerJ] 2025 Nov 27; Vol. 13, pp. e20365. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 27 (Print Publication: 2025).

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Comparative Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: PeerJ Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101603425 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2167-8359 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21678359 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PeerJ Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepatitis B virus*/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B virus*/genetics , Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C*/blood , HIV*/isolation & purification , HIV*/genetics , Hepatitis B*/diagnosis , Hepatitis B*/blood , HIV Infections*/diagnosis , HIV Infections*/blood , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques*/methods, Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Blood Donors

Innovative Hepatitis C Screening: Clinical Utility of the HCV Antigen-Antibody Assay in Japan.

Autori: Inoue T Setoyama H Watanabe T a ďalší

Zdroj: Japanese journal of infectious diseases [Jpn J Infect Dis] 2025 Nov 19; Vol. 78 (6), pp. 192-198. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Apr 30.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Evaluation Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: National Institute of Infectious Diseases Country of Publication: Japan NLM ID: 100893704 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1884-2836 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13446304 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Jpn J Infect Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepatitis C Antibodies*/blood , Hepatitis C Antigens*/blood , Mass Screening*/methods , Hepacivirus*/immunology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C, Chronic*/diagnosis, Humans ; Japan ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Male ; Female ; RNA, Viral/blood ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Adult

Rapid and simple detection of HCV RNA: enhanced colorimetric RT-LAMP method using unmodified gold nanoparticles.

Autori: Altın H Agel E Tosun AI

Zdroj: BMC microbiology [BMC Microbiol] 2025 Nov 17; Vol. 25 (1), pp. 757. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 17.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100966981 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2180 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712180 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Gold*/chemistry , Colorimetry*/methods , Metal Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques*/methods , RNA, Viral*/genetics , Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C*/virology , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques*/methods, Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Limit of Detection

SCR Protocol: LAMP assay

Rapid simultaneous self-testing of HIV and HCV viral loads with integrated RNA extraction and multiplex RT-PCR in under 1 hour.

Autori: Liu T Politza AJ Kshirsagar A a ďalší

Zdroj: Biosensors & bioelectronics [Biosens Bioelectron] 2025 Nov 15; Vol. 288, pp. 117843. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 07.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9001289 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4235 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09565663 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosens Bioelectron Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: HIV Infections*/virology , HIV Infections*/blood , HIV Infections*/diagnosis , Viral Load* , Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepatitis C*/virology , Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C*/blood , RNA, Viral*/isolation & purification , RNA, Viral*/genetics , RNA, Viral*/blood , Biosensing Techniques*/instrumentation , HIV*/isolation & purification , HIV*/genetics, Humans ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/instrumentation ; Coinfection/virology ; Equipment Design

HCV genotyping and rational computational designing of an immunogenic multiepitope vaccine against genotype 3a.

Autori: Sahibzada KI Abid R Nisar H a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of computer-aided molecular design [J Comput Aided Mol Des] 2025 Nov 10; Vol. 39 (2), pp. 121. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 10.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8710425 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-4951 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0920654X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Comput Aided Mol Des Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/immunology , Hepatitis C*/virology , Hepatitis C*/prevention & control , Hepatitis C*/immunology , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines*/immunology , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines*/chemistry , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines*/genetics , Epitopes*/immunology , Epitopes*/chemistry , Epitopes*/genetics , Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte*/immunology , Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte*/chemistry , Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte*/genetics, Humans ; Genotype ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing

A Bibliometric Analysis of the HCV Drug-Resistant Majority and Minority Variants.

Autori: Immanuel OM Fabiyi OT Oshakbayev KP a ďalší

Zdroj: International journal of environmental research and public health [Int J Environ Res Public Health] 2025 Nov 03; Vol. 22 (11). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 03.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101238455 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1660-4601 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16604601 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Environ Res Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Bibliometrics* , Drug Resistance, Viral*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/drug effects , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Antiviral Agents*/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents*/therapeutic use , Hepatitis C*/virology , Hepatitis C*/drug therapy, Humans

Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir Versus Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir Plus Ribavirin in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 3b and Compensated Cirrhosis: A Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial.

Autori: Huang R Ji F Jiang Y a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of medical virology [J Med Virol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 97 (11), pp. e70709.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Multicenter Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Wiley-Liss Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7705876 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-9071 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01466615 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Med Virol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Sofosbuvir*/therapeutic use , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings*/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents*/therapeutic use , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/drug effects , Hepacivirus*/classification , Ribavirin*/therapeutic use , Carbamates*/therapeutic use , Liver Cirrhosis*/virology , Liver Cirrhosis*/drug therapy , Macrocyclic Compounds*/therapeutic use , Hepatitis C, Chronic*/drug therapy , Hepatitis C, Chronic*/virology , Hepatitis C, Chronic*/complications , Sulfonamides*/therapeutic use, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Genotype ; Proline/analogs & derivatives ; Leucine/analogs & derivatives ; Adult ; Sustained Virologic Response ; Aminoisobutyric Acids ; Aged ; Cyclopropanes ; Treatment Outcome ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; China ; Valine/analogs & derivatives ; Lactams, Macrocyclic ; Benzimidazoles ; Benzopyrans ; Quinoxalines

The architecture of membrane structures involved in hepatitis C virus genome replication revealed under close-to-native conditions by cryo-electron tomography.

Autori: Sykora UM O' Sullivan TJ Halfon Y a ďalší

Zdroj: The Journal of general virology [J Gen Virol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 106 (11).

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Microbiology Society Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0077340 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1465-2099 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00221317 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Gen Virol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepacivirus*/physiology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/ultrastructure , Electron Microscope Tomography*/methods , Virus Replication* , Cell Membrane*/ultrastructure , Cell Membrane*/virology , Genome, Viral*, Cryoelectron Microscopy/methods ; Humans ; Hepatitis C/virology

HCV infection: Extrahepatic manifestations of infection and treatment options.

Autori: Simon K Pazgan-Simon M

Zdroj: Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University [Adv Clin Exp Med] 2025 Nov; Vol. 34 (11), pp. 1797-1802.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review; Editorial

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Wroclaw Medical University Country of Publication: Poland NLM ID: 101138582 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1899-5276 (Print) Linking ISSN: 18995276 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Clin Exp Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepatitis C*/complications , Hepatitis C*/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents*/therapeutic use , Hepacivirus*/pathogenicity , Hepacivirus*/drug effects, Humans

Evaluation of Blood Droplet Volumes on the Cobas Plasma Separation Card for HCV RNA Testing in Resource-Limited Settings.

Autori: Qureshi H Canchola JA Hai G a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of viral hepatitis [J Viral Hepat] 2025 Nov; Vol. 32 (11), pp. e70091.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Evaluation Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9435672 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2893 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13520504 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Viral Hepat Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: RNA, Viral*/blood , RNA, Viral*/isolation & purification , Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C*/virology , Specimen Handling*/methods , Blood Specimen Collection*/methods , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques*/methods, Humans ; Viral Load/methods ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Resource-Limited Settings

The Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 3a S310 Strain Permits Claudin-1-Independent Entry.

Autori: Suzuki R Yato K Tosaka T a ďalší

Zdroj: Microbiology and immunology [Microbiol Immunol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 69 (11), pp. 544-552. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 07.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Australia NLM ID: 7703966 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1348-0421 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03855600 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiol Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/physiology , Virus Internalization* , Claudin-1*/metabolism , Claudin-1*/genetics , Receptors, Virus*/metabolism, Humans ; Genotype ; Claudins/metabolism ; Claudins/genetics ; Cell Line ; Tetraspanin 28/immunology ; Hepatitis C/virology

Performance Evaluation of the Elecsys HCV Duo Immunoassay in the Public Healthcare Setting in Cape Town, South Africa.

Autori: Hardie DR Korsman SNJ Valley-Omar Z a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of viral hepatitis [J Viral Hepat] 2025 Nov; Vol. 32 (11), pp. e70095.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Evaluation Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9435672 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2893 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13520504 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Viral Hepat Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C Antibodies*/blood , Hepacivirus*/immunology , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Hepatitis C Antigens*/blood, Humans ; South Africa ; Male ; Female ; Immunoassay/methods ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Viral Load ; RNA, Viral/blood ; Genotype ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Aged ; Young Adult

Comparison of Antibody Confirmation Assays for Hepatitis C Virus Testing in Patients With HIV.

Autori: Vanroye F Choun K Genbrugge E a ďalší

Zdroj: Sexually transmitted diseases [Sex Transm Dis] 2025 Nov 01; Vol. 52 (11), pp. 706-711. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 16.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Comparative Study

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: J B Lippincott Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7705941 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1537-4521 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01485717 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sex Transm Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hepatitis C Antibodies*/blood , HIV Infections*/complications , HIV Infections*/virology , Hepacivirus*/immunology , Hepacivirus*/isolation & purification , Hepacivirus*/genetics , Hepatitis C*/diagnosis , Hepatitis C*/immunology , Hepatitis C*/virology , Hepatitis C*/epidemiology , Hepatitis C*/complications, Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Belgium/epidemiology ; RNA, Viral/blood ; Male ; Female ; Cambodia/epidemiology ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Mass Screening/methods