Výsledky vyhľadávania - "Cyclohexanes"

An Isocratic RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Nateglinide and Furosemide: Application to In Vitro Caco-2 Intestinal Permeability Studies of Nanodrugs.

Autori: Al-Sulaiti FK Dogan A Kir F a ďalší

Zdroj: Biomedical chromatography : BMC [Biomed Chromatogr] 2025 Nov; Vol. 39 (11), pp. e70229.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8610241 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1099-0801 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02693879 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biomed Chromatogr Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Furosemide*/analysis , Furosemide*/pharmacokinetics , Furosemide*/chemistry , Nateglinide*/analysis , Nateglinide*/pharmacokinetics , Chromatography, Reverse-Phase*/methods , Phenylalanine*/analogs & derivatives , Phenylalanine*/analysis , Phenylalanine*/pharmacokinetics , Cyclohexanes*/analysis , Cyclohexanes*/pharmacokinetics, Humans ; Caco-2 Cells ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Permeability ; Linear Models ; Limit of Detection ; Intestinal Absorption ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Intestinal Barrier Function

Methanogenic biodegradation of cyclohexane by microbial consortia from oil sands tailings.

Autori: Abu Laban NMF Siddique T Foght JM

Zdroj: The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2025 Dec 10; Vol. 1007, pp. 180929. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 14.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0330500 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1026 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00489697 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Total Environ Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Cyclohexanes*/metabolism , Microbial Consortia* , Methane*/metabolism , Oil and Gas Fields*/microbiology , Soil Pollutants*/metabolism, Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bacteria/metabolism

Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel ^99m Tc-Labeled Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitors Containing Cyclohexane as Promising Tumor Tracers.

Autori: Ruan Q Diao L Ding D a ďalší

Zdroj: Molecular pharmaceutics [Mol Pharm] 2025 Nov 03; Vol. 22 (11), pp. 7121-7131. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 10.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101197791 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1543-8392 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15438384 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Pharm Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Membrane Proteins*/antagonists & inhibitors , Membrane Proteins*/metabolism , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry , Radiopharmaceuticals*/chemistry , Gelatinases*/antagonists & inhibitors , Gelatinases*/metabolism , Serine Endopeptidases*/metabolism , Technetium*/chemistry , Neoplasms*/diagnostic imaging , Neoplasms*/metabolism, Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Tissue Distribution ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Endopeptidases ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Female ; Mice, Nude

Stereoisomeric Effects of Diammoniumcyclohexane Counterions on the Self-Assembly of Amino Acid-Based Surfactants.

Autori: Blanco SE Black N Alvarez MA a ďalší

Zdroj: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) [Molecules] 2025 Oct 16; Vol. 30 (20). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 16.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100964009 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1420-3049 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14203049 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Molecules Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Surface-Active Agents*/chemistry , Amino Acids*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry, Stereoisomerism ; Micelles ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions

Generation of noncanonical fumagillin derivatives with a twisted cyclohexane conformation through engineered biosynthesis.

Autori: Tsunematsu Y Ogata Y Niwa K a ďalší

Zdroj: Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry [Biosci Biotechnol Biochem] 2025 Aug 23; Vol. 89 (9), pp. 1264-1270.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9205717 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1347-6947 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09168451 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Cyclohexanes*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes*/metabolism , Sesquiterpenes*/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes*/pharmacology , Sesquiterpenes*/metabolism , Metabolic Engineering*, Humans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes ; Molecular Conformation ; Aminopeptidases ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Metalloendopeptidases

Cytochrome P450 Mediated Cyclohexane Ring Formation in Forazoline Biosynthesis.

Autori: Chen X Zhang Y Li S a ďalší

Zdroj: Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) [Angew Chem Int Ed Engl] 2025 Jul 07; Vol. 64 (28), pp. e202504925. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 15.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Wiley-VCH Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 0370543 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1521-3773 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14337851 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System*/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/metabolism , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry, Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Molecular Structure

Diethyl-hexyl-cyclohexane (Eco-DEHCH) is a safer phthalate alternative that does not elicit neuroendocrine disrupting effects.

Autori: Kang J Tran CM Lee H a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of hazardous materials [J Hazard Mater] 2025 Jul 05; Vol. 491, pp. 137947. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Mar 17.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9422688 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-3336 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03043894 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Hazard Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Endocrine Disruptors*/toxicity , Phthalic Acids*/toxicity , Phthalic Acids*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/toxicity , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry, Animals ; Zebrafish/embryology ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism ; Humans ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate/toxicity

Role of Topical Fumagillin 0.007% in the Management of Microsporidial Stromal Keratitis: Interventional Pilot Study with Literature Review.

Autori: Mohanty A Sharma S Gowtham L a ďalší

Zdroj: Ocular immunology and inflammation [Ocul Immunol Inflamm] 2025 Sep; Vol. 33 (7), pp. 1501-1505. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 13.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9312169 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1744-5078 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09273948 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ocul Immunol Inflamm Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Eye Infections, Fungal*/drug therapy , Eye Infections, Fungal*/microbiology , Eye Infections, Fungal*/diagnosis , Microsporidiosis*/drug therapy , Microsporidiosis*/microbiology , Microsporidiosis*/diagnosis , Corneal Stroma*/microbiology , Corneal Stroma*/pathology , Sesquiterpenes*/administration & dosage , Cyclohexanes*/administration & dosage , Keratitis*/drug therapy , Keratitis*/microbiology , Keratitis*/diagnosis, Humans ; Pilot Projects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Aged ; Administration, Topical ; Voriconazole/administration & dosage ; Microsporidia/isolation & purification ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated

Generative discovery of safer chemical alternatives using diffusion modeling: A case study in green solvent design for cyclohexane/benzene extractive distillation.

Autori: Tan Z Lin K Zhao Y a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of environmental sciences (China) [J Environ Sci (China)] 2025 Aug; Vol. 154, pp. 390-401. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 28.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: IOS Press Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 100967627 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1001-0742 (Print) Linking ISSN: 10010742 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Environ Sci (China) Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Cyclohexanes*/chemistry , Solvents*/chemistry , Distillation*/methods , Benzene*/chemistry , Models, Chemical* , Green Chemistry Technology*/methods

Probing the Microscopic Behavior of PFOS Clustering and Adsorption at LNAPL Interfaces; a PFOS-Water-Cyclohexane System.

Autori: Sookhak Lari K Reinhardt A Warden AC a ďalší

Zdroj: Environmental science & technology [Environ Sci Technol] 2025 Jul 22; Vol. 59 (28), pp. 14615-14624. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 09.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0213155 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-5851 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0013936X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Sci Technol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Fluorocarbons*/chemistry , Alkanesulfonic Acids* , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry, Adsorption ; Water/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Groundwater

Unraveling DINCH - Induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms via network toxicology and molecular docking with experimental validation.

Autori: Xin J Zhou C Wang Y a ďalší

Zdroj: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety [Ecotoxicol Environ Saf] 2025 Jul 01; Vol. 299, pp. 118305. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 19.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 7805381 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1090-2414 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01476513 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Dicarboxylic Acids*/toxicity , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury* , Cyclohexanes*/toxicity , Endocrine Disruptors*/toxicity, Molecular Docking Simulation ; Humans ; Liver/drug effects ; Gene Regulatory Networks/drug effects

Species-specific bioaccumulation and biotransformation of two novel brominated flame retardants in fish: Insights from isotope fractionation.

Autori: Mo L Liao GY Tang B a ďalší

Zdroj: Environmental research [Environ Res] 2025 Jun 15; Vol. 275, pp. 121428. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Mar 20.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0147621 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0953 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00139351 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Flame Retardants*/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/metabolism , Cyclohexanes*/metabolism , Fishes*/metabolism, Animals ; Biotransformation ; Species Specificity ; Carbon Isotopes ; Bioaccumulation ; Food Chain ; Liver/metabolism ; Bromobenzenes

Multidimensional Engineering of Escherichia coli for Efficient Adipic Acid Synthesis From Cyclohexane.

Autori: Wang F Sun H Deng D a ďalší

Zdroj: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) [Adv Sci (Weinh)] 2025 Apr; Vol. 12 (14), pp. e2411938. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Feb 17.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: WILEY-VCH Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101664569 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2198-3844 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21983844 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Sci (Weinh) Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Escherichia coli*/metabolism , Escherichia coli*/genetics , Cyclohexanes*/metabolism , Adipates*/metabolism , Metabolic Engineering*/methods

Conformational Role of Methyl in the Potency of Cyclohexane-Substituted Squaramide CCR6 Antagonists.

Autori: Gerstenberger BS Unwalla R Farley KA a ďalší

Zdroj: Journal of medicinal chemistry [J Med Chem] 2025 Feb 27; Vol. 68 (4), pp. 4818-4828. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Feb 17.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9716531 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-4804 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00222623 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Med Chem Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Cyclohexanes*/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/chemical synthesis , Receptors, CCR6*/metabolism , Receptors, CCR6*/antagonists & inhibitors, Humans ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Conformation ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Quinine/analogs & derivatives

Maraviroc/cisplatin combination inhibits gastric cancer tumoroid growth and improves mice survival.

Autori: Mora-Lagos B Reyes ME Lobos-Gonzalez L a ďalší

Zdroj: Biological research [Biol Res] 2025 Jan 18; Vol. 58 (1), pp. 4. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jan 18.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Biomed Central, Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9308271 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 0717-6287 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 07169760 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biol Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Cisplatin*/pharmacology , Cisplatin*/administration & dosage , Cisplatin*/therapeutic use , Stomach Neoplasms*/drug therapy , Stomach Neoplasms*/pathology , Stomach Neoplasms*/mortality , Triazoles*/pharmacology , Triazoles*/administration & dosage , Triazoles*/therapeutic use , Cyclohexanes*/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes*/administration & dosage , Cyclohexanes*/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents*/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents*/therapeutic use , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists*/pharmacology, Animals ; Maraviroc ; Mice ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Humans ; Receptors, CCR5/drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Chemokine CCL5

Intrathecal Fumagillin Alleviates Chronic Neuropathy-Induced Nociceptive Sensitization and Modulates Spinal Astrocyte-Neuronal Glycolytic and Angiogenic Proteins.

Autori: Wen ZH Wu ZS Cheng HJ a ďalší

Zdroj: Molecular neurobiology [Mol Neurobiol] 2025 Jan; Vol. 62 (1), pp. 246-263. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 05.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Humana Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8900963 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1559-1182 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08937648 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Neurobiol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Sesquiterpenes*/pharmacology , Sesquiterpenes*/therapeutic use , Astrocytes*/metabolism , Astrocytes*/drug effects , Glycolysis*/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley* , Neuralgia*/drug therapy , Neuralgia*/metabolism , Cyclohexanes*/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes*/therapeutic use , Injections, Spinal* , Spinal Cord*/metabolism , Spinal Cord*/drug effects , Spinal Cord*/pathology , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated*/pharmacology , Angiogenic Proteins*/metabolism , Neurons*/metabolism , Neurons*/drug effects, Animals ; Male ; Hyperalgesia/drug therapy ; Hyperalgesia/metabolism ; Nociception/drug effects ; Chronic Disease ; Rats ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism

Nateglinide: A comprehensive profile.

Autori: Alanazi MM; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: manalenazi@ksu.edu.sa.

Zdroj: Profiles of drug substances, excipients, and related methodology [Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol] 2025; Vol. 50, pp. 43-96. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jan 09.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Academic Press Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101197857 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1871-5125 (Print) Linking ISSN: 18715125 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Phenylalanine*/analogs & derivatives , Phenylalanine*/chemistry , Phenylalanine*/pharmacology , Phenylalanine*/pharmacokinetics , Phenylalanine*/analysis , Hypoglycemic Agents*/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents*/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents*/pharmacokinetics , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes*/pharmacokinetics, Nateglinide ; Humans ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy

An Underlying Mechanism for the Altered Hypoglycemic Effects of Nateglinide in Rats with Acute Peripheral Inflammation.

Autori: Toko H Ogino M Nishiwaki A a ďalší

Zdroj: Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin [Biol Pharm Bull] 2025; Vol. 48 (1), pp. 51-59.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Country of Publication: Japan NLM ID: 9311984 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1347-5215 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09186158 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biol Pharm Bull Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Hypoglycemic Agents*/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents*/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents*/blood , Phenylalanine*/analogs & derivatives , Phenylalanine*/pharmacology , Phenylalanine*/therapeutic use , Phenylalanine*/blood , Inflammation*/drug therapy , Inflammation*/blood , Inflammation*/metabolism , Inflammation*/chemically induced , Cyclohexanes*/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes*/therapeutic use , Cyclohexanes*/blood, Animals ; Nateglinide ; Male ; Insulin/blood ; Insulin/metabolism ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Blood Glucose/drug effects ; Sulfonylurea Receptors/genetics ; Sulfonylurea Receptors/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Carrageenan ; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/drug effects ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar

Toward the Synthesis of Strychnos Alkaloids: Effective Construction of Fused Cyclohexane and Pyrrolidine Portion of the Strychnos Skeleton via Domino Intermolecular and Intramolecular S N 2 Cyclization.

Autori: Hosoda T Tsutsumi T Hayakawa I

Zdroj: Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin [Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)] 2025; Vol. 73 (1), pp. 46-57.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Country of Publication: Japan NLM ID: 0377775 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1347-5223 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00092363 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Pyrrolidines*/chemistry , Pyrrolidines*/chemical synthesis , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/chemical synthesis , Alkaloids*/chemical synthesis , Alkaloids*/chemistry , Strychnos*/chemistry, Cyclization ; Molecular Structure

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 1,4-bis(ethoxymethyl)cyclohexane, CAS Registry Number 54889-63-3.

Autori: Api AM Bartlett A Belsito D a ďalší

Zdroj: Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association [Food Chem Toxicol] 2024 Oct; Vol. 192 Suppl 1, pp. 114884. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 24.

Spôsob vydávania: Journal Article; Review

Informácie o časopise: Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8207483 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-6351 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02786915 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Food Chem Toxicol Subsets: MEDLINE

Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: Perfume*/toxicity , Perfume*/chemistry , Cyclohexanes*/toxicity , Cyclohexanes*/chemistry , Odorants*, Humans ; Animals ; Risk Assessment ; Toxicity Tests ; Endpoint Determination ; Consumer Product Safety ; Databases, Chemical ; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level