Search Results - "Brain-Gut Axis"

Study on rTMS's therapeutic effect on constipation in Parkinson's disease via the brain-gut axis theory.

Authors: Bo Q Li Y Wang X et al.

Source: Neurological research [Neurol Res] 2025 Dec; Vol. 47 (12), pp. 1153-1165. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 14.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal Info: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7905298 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1743-1328 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01616412 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurol Res Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Constipation*/therapy , Constipation*/etiology , Constipation*/physiopathology , Parkinson Disease*/complications , Parkinson Disease*/therapy , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation*/methods , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology, Humans ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ; Quality of Life

Evaluation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on Cognitive Function in Rats with Gut-Brain Axis Dysfunction Following Acceleration Exposure.

Authors: Chen Y TianzhuTao Zhao A et al.

Source: Molecular neurobiology [Mol Neurobiol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 62 (12), pp. 15509-15529. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 19.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Humana Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8900963 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1559-1182 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08937648 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Neurobiol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Serotonin*/pharmacology , Serotonin*/blood , Cognition*/drug effects , Cognition*/physiology , Acceleration*/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/drug effects , Brain*/drug effects , Brain*/physiopathology , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects, Animals ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; Hippocampus ; Microglia/metabolism ; Microglia/drug effects

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Autism: Associations, Causal Inference, and Interventions-A Narrative Review.

Authors: Zhang Z Kang W Mi Y et al.

Source: Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) [Pathogens] 2025 Nov 11; Vol. 14 (11). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 11.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal Info: Publisher: MDPI AG Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101596317 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2076-0817 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20760817 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Pathogens Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome* , Brain* , Autism Spectrum Disorder*/microbiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder*/therapy , Autistic Disorder*/microbiology , Autistic Disorder*/therapy , Brain-Gut Axis*, Humans ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Prebiotics/administration & dosage

Instant Cascara Beverage as a Neuroimmune Modulator of the Brain-Gut Axis: Sex-Dependent Effects in Healthy Rats.

Authors: Gallego-Barceló P López-Tofiño Y López-Gómez L et al.

Source: International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2025 Nov 03; Vol. 26 (21). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 03.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101092791 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14220067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Mol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Beverages* , Brain*/drug effects , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects, Animals ; Male ; Female ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Colon/drug effects ; Colon/immunology ; Colon/metabolism ; Visceral Pain ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism ; Sex Factors ; Sex Characteristics

Vagus nerve and brain-gut communication in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanism and therapeutic perspectives.

Authors: Luo S Pan M Fu G et al.

Source: Pharmacological research [Pharmacol Res] 2025 Nov; Vol. 221, pp. 107974. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 27.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8907422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-1186 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10436618 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Pharmacol Res Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Neurodegenerative Diseases*/immunology , Neurodegenerative Diseases*/therapy , Neurodegenerative Diseases*/physiopathology , Neurodegenerative Diseases*/metabolism , Vagus Nerve*/immunology , Vagus Nerve*/metabolism , Vagus Nerve*/physiopathology , Brain*/metabolism , Brain*/immunology , Brain-Gut Axis*, Humans ; Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation

High fat diet and low dose-rotenone exposure exacerbate Parkinson's disease like pathology through gut-brain axis disruption.

Authors: Singh AA Pathak Z Chawathe A et al.

Source: Experimental neurology [Exp Neurol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 393, pp. 115384. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 19.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0370712 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1090-2430 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00144886 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Exp Neurol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Rotenone*/toxicity , Rotenone*/administration & dosage , Diet, High-Fat*/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/physiology , Brain*/pathology , Brain*/metabolism , Brain*/drug effects , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology , Parkinson Disease*/pathology , Parkinson Disease*/metabolism, Animals ; Male ; Mice ; TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Rats ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism

The impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on mouse behavior, neurotransmitters, inflammation, and gut-brain axis metabolism under hypoxic conditions.

Authors: Qiao Y Cheng R Zheng H et al.

Source: Behavioural brain research [Behav Brain Res] 2025 Oct 18; Vol. 495, pp. 115782. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 19.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8004872 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1872-7549 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01664328 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Behav Brain Res Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Diet, High-Fat*/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/physiology , Neurotransmitter Agents*/metabolism , Inflammation*/metabolism , Hypoxia*/metabolism , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology , Behavior, Animal*/physiology , Brain*/metabolism , Obesity*/metabolism , Obesity*/etiology, Animals ; Mice ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Disease Models, Animal

Antibiotic-Induced Gut Dysbiosis Modulates Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Gene Expression and Protein Aggregation in 3xTg-AD Mice via the Gut-Brain Axis.

Authors: Tettevi EJ Simpong DL Maina M et al.

Source: Brain and behavior [Brain Behav] 2025 Oct; Vol. 15 (10), pp. e70946.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101570837 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2162-3279 (Electronic) NLM ISO Abbreviation: Brain Behav Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Dysbiosis*/chemically induced , Dysbiosis*/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease*/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease*/genetics , Alzheimer Disease*/microbiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/physiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/adverse effects , Brain*/metabolism , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology, Animals ; Mice ; Female ; Mice, Transgenic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; tau Proteins/metabolism ; Anxiety/metabolism

Double-edged sword effect of Sutterella in neurological disorders: implications for the gut-brain axis and neuroimmune interactions.

Authors: Davoody S Halimi H Zali A et al.

Source: Neurobiology of disease [Neurobiol Dis] 2025 Oct 01; Vol. 214, pp. 107032. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 16.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal Info: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9500169 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-953X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09699961 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurobiol Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases*/immunology , Nervous System Diseases*/microbiology , Nervous System Diseases*/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/physiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/immunology , Neuroimmunomodulation*/physiology , Brain*/immunology , Brain*/microbiology , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology , Brain-Gut Axis*/immunology, Humans ; Animals ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases/immunology

A randomised controlled trial of the effects of Galacto-Oligosaccharides on the gut brain-axis of young females.

Authors: Johnstone N Cohen Kadosh K

Source: Brain, behavior, and immunity [Brain Behav Immun] 2025 Oct; Vol. 129, pp. 573-584. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 16.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8800478 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1090-2139 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08891591 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Brain Behav Immun Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/physiology , Oligosaccharides*/pharmacology , Oligosaccharides*/administration & dosage , Brain*/metabolism , Brain*/drug effects , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology, Humans ; Female ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Double-Blind Method ; Prebiotics/administration & dosage ; Anxiety/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism ; Galactose/pharmacology ; Depression

Why are disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) often food-related? Duodenal eosinophils and mast cells, small intestinal bacteria, food allergy and altered food intake in functional dyspepsia and the irritable bowel syndrome: a new paradigm.

Authors: Talley NJ Duncanson K Williams GM

Source: Journal of gastroenterology [J Gastroenterol] 2025 Oct; Vol. 60 (10), pp. 1211-1220. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 30.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal Info: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Japan NLM ID: 9430794 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1435-5922 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09441174 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Gastroenterol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Irritable Bowel Syndrome*/immunology , Irritable Bowel Syndrome*/etiology , Irritable Bowel Syndrome*/physiopathology , Dyspepsia*/immunology , Dyspepsia*/etiology , Dyspepsia*/physiopathology , Food Hypersensitivity*/immunology , Food Hypersensitivity*/complications , Brain-Gut Axis*/immunology , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology, Humans ; Mast Cells/immunology ; Eosinophils/immunology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Duodenum/immunology ; Duodenum/pathology ; Duodenum/microbiology ; Eating ; Intestine, Small/microbiology ; Intestine, Small/immunology

Brief exposure to oral antibiotics has age-dependent effects on morphine reward and gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of adolescent and adult mice.

Authors: Hofford RS Sens JP Shipman AL et al.

Source: Brain, behavior, and immunity [Brain Behav Immun] 2025 Oct; Vol. 129, pp. 724-735. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 09.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8800478 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1090-2139 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08891591 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Brain Behav Immun Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Morphine*/administration & dosage , Morphine*/adverse effects , Reward* , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/adverse effects , Prefrontal Cortex*/drug effects , Prefrontal Cortex*/physiopathology , Substance-Related Disorders*/genetics , Substance-Related Disorders*/microbiology , Substance-Related Disorders*/physiopathology , Substance-Related Disorders*/psychology , Microbiota*/drug effects , Microbiota*/physiology , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology, Age Factors ; Disease Models, Animal ; Administration, Oral ; Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage ; Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Transcriptome/drug effects ; Time Factors ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Female ; Animals ; Mice

Social bonds and health: exploring the impact of social relations on oxytocin and brain-gut communication in shaping obesity.

Authors: Zhang X Dong TS Gee GC et al.

Source: Gut microbes [Gut Microbes] 2025 Dec 31; Vol. 17 (1), pp. 2566978. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 03.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101495343 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1949-0984 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19490976 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Gut Microbes Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Oxytocin*/blood , Obesity*/psychology , Obesity*/microbiology , Obesity*/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/physiology , Brain*/physiology , Brain*/metabolism , Brain-Gut Axis* , Interpersonal Relations*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

From bugs to behavior: targeting the gut-brain interface for addiction therapeutics.

Authors: Ru Y Jia J Yang X et al.

Source: Gut microbes [Gut Microbes] 2025 Dec 31; Vol. 17 (1), pp. 2569740. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 28.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal Info: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101495343 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1949-0984 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19490976 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Gut Microbes Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/physiology , Substance-Related Disorders*/microbiology , Substance-Related Disorders*/therapy , Substance-Related Disorders*/metabolism , Brain*/physiology , Brain*/metabolism , Brain-Gut Axis* , Gastrointestinal Tract*/microbiology , Behavior, Addictive*/microbiology , Behavior, Addictive*/therapy, Humans ; Animals ; Probiotics/administration & dosage ; Prebiotics/administration & dosage

Naomaitong ameliorates cerebral and intestinal injury in ischemia stroke via modulation of gut-brain axis interactions: Akkermansia muciniphila-mediated regulation of tryptophan-serotonin metabolic pathways.

Authors: Liu B Huang H Li M et al.

Source: Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis [J Pharm Biomed Anal] 2025 Dec 15; Vol. 266, pp. 117075. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 22.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8309336 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-264X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 07317085 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Pharm Biomed Anal Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Tryptophan*/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/drug effects , Serotonin*/metabolism , Ischemic Stroke*/drug therapy , Ischemic Stroke*/metabolism , Ischemic Stroke*/microbiology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal*/pharmacology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal*/therapeutic use , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects, Animals ; Rats ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Brain/drug effects ; Brain/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects ; Akkermansia

SCR Organism: Akkermansia muciniphila

Hypericin alleviates depression via the microbiota-gut-brain Axis: Role of Akkermansia muciniphila and glycerophospholipid metabolism.

Authors: Li X Chen K Liu X et al.

Source: European journal of pharmacology [Eur J Pharmacol] 2025 Dec 05; Vol. 1008, pp. 178283. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 22.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 1254354 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0712 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00142999 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Pharmacol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome*/drug effects , Depression*/drug therapy , Depression*/metabolism , Depression*/microbiology , Anthracenes*/pharmacology , Glycerophospholipids*/metabolism , Antidepressive Agents*/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents*/therapeutic use , Perylene*/analogs & derivatives , Perylene*/pharmacology , Perylene*/therapeutic use , Brain*/drug effects , Brain*/metabolism , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects, Animals ; Male ; Mice ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Colon/drug effects ; Colon/metabolism ; Colon/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Akkermansia

SCR Organism: Akkermansia muciniphila

Postbiotics alleviate cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation via gut-brain axis and TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3 pathway.

Authors: Jia L Xiao L Song X et al.

Source: Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) [Food Res Int] 2025 Dec; Vol. 222 (Pt 2), pp. 117708. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 30.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Published on behalf of the Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology by Elsevier Applied Science Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 9210143 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7145 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09639969 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Food Res Int Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome* , Cognitive Dysfunction* , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein*/metabolism , Probiotics*/administration & dosage , Brain*/metabolism , Neuroinflammatory Diseases* , Brain-Gut Axis* , Alzheimer Disease*, Animals ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Disease Models, Animal

Dietary Therapy for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction.

Authors: Osgood PT Perez M Whitehead B et al.

Source: Gastroenterology clinics of North America [Gastroenterol Clin North Am] 2025 Dec; Vol. 54 (4), pp. 841-857. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 12.

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Health Science Division Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8706257 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1558-1942 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08898553 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Gastroenterol Clin North Am Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Irritable Bowel Syndrome*/diet therapy , Irritable Bowel Syndrome*/physiopathology , Gastrointestinal Diseases*/diet therapy , Gastrointestinal Diseases*/physiopathology , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology , Dyspepsia*/diet therapy , Dyspepsia*/physiopathology, Humans ; Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology ; Child ; Brain/physiopathology

Painful Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction Are More Associated With Worse Health-Related Quality of Life and Psychological Disorders Than Non-Painful Disorders in Latin American Countries.

Authors: Marx R Lopes AB Picon RDVC et al.

Source: Neurogastroenterology and motility [Neurogastroenterol Motil] 2025 Dec; Vol. 37 (12), pp. e70194. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 10.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9432572 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2982 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13501925 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurogastroenterol Motil Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Quality of Life*/psychology , Mental Disorders*/epidemiology , Mental Disorders*/psychology , Abdominal Pain*/psychology , Abdominal Pain*/epidemiology , Gastrointestinal Diseases*/psychology , Gastrointestinal Diseases*/epidemiology , Brain-Gut Axis*/physiology, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Latin America/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged ; Young Adult

Red wine (poly)phenols supplementation reduces amyloid-beta (aβ) pathology in APP/PS1 mice model: Possible implications of gut-brain axis explored by untargeted fecal metabolomics.

Authors: Mosele JI Manzano JI Sampayo-Rodríguez SP et al.

Source: Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) [Food Res Int] 2025 Dec; Vol. 221 (Pt 3), pp. 117484. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 05.

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal Info: Publisher: Published on behalf of the Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology by Elsevier Applied Science Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 9210143 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7145 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09639969 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Food Res Int Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH Terms: Wine*/analysis , Amyloid beta-Peptides*/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease*/metabolism , Feces*/chemistry , Polyphenols*/pharmacology , Brain*/metabolism , Dietary Supplements* , Brain-Gut Axis*/drug effects , Phenols*/pharmacology, Animals ; Male ; Mice ; Metabolomics/methods ; Female ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Transgenic ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome