Suchergebnisse - "Atropine"

Efficacy and safety of orthokeratology sequentially combined with escalating atropine concentrations for myopia control in children.

Autoren: Guo Z Wei Z Ming H et al.

Quelle: Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2025 Nov 06; Vol. 15 (1), pp. 38911. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 06.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/administration & dosage , Atropine*/adverse effects , Atropine*/therapeutic use , Orthokeratologic Procedures*/methods , Orthokeratologic Procedures*/adverse effects , Myopia*/therapy , Myopia*/drug therapy, Humans ; Child ; Female ; Adolescent ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Treatment Outcome ; Refraction, Ocular

Atropine Versus Placebo for Neonatal Nonemergent Intubation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Autoren: Afifi J El-Naggar W Hatfield T et al.

Quelle: The Journal of pediatrics [J Pediatr] 2025 Nov; Vol. 286, pp. 114719. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 09.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Multicenter Study; Comparative Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Mosby Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0375410 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1097-6833 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00223476 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Pediatr Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/therapeutic use , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Bradycardia*/prevention & control , Bradycardia*/etiology , Bradycardia*/epidemiology , Intubation, Intratracheal*/methods , Intubation, Intratracheal*/adverse effects, Humans ; Double-Blind Method ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Male ; Succinylcholine/administration & dosage ; Treatment Outcome

Accidental foodborne poisoning by atropine and scopolamine: a fatal case report.

Autoren: Vivares S Jousset N Abbara C et al.

Quelle: Journal of forensic and legal medicine [J Forensic Leg Med] 2025 Nov; Vol. 116, pp. 102995. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 09.

Publikationsart: Case Reports; Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101300022 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-7487 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1752928X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Forensic Leg Med Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/poisoning , Atropine*/analysis , Scopolamine*/poisoning , Scopolamine*/analysis , Muscarinic Antagonists*/poisoning , Muscarinic Antagonists*/analysis , Foodborne Diseases*/etiology, Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vitreous Body/chemistry ; Gastrointestinal Contents/chemistry ; Forensic Toxicology ; Accidents ; Vomiting

Early application of modified A-OK protocol for amniotic fluid embolism: Case series report.

Autoren: He S Tao B

Quelle: Medicine [Medicine (Baltimore)] 2025 Oct 24; Vol. 104 (43), pp. e45462.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Case Reports

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 2985248R Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1536-5964 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00257974 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Medicine (Baltimore) Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Embolism, Amniotic Fluid*/drug therapy , Embolism, Amniotic Fluid*/diagnosis , Ketorolac*/administration & dosage , Ketorolac*/therapeutic use , Ondansetron*/administration & dosage , Ondansetron*/therapeutic use , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Atropine*/therapeutic use, Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Adult ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use

Comparative effects of glycopyrrolate vs. atropine combined with neostigmine on heart rate dynamics and safety outcomes in pediatric patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Autoren: Zou T Yang X Ren L et al.

Quelle: BMC pediatrics [BMC Pediatr] 2025 Oct 02; Vol. 25 (1), pp. 714. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 02.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Comparative Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100967804 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2431 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712431 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Pediatr Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Glycopyrrolate*/adverse effects , Glycopyrrolate*/pharmacology , Glycopyrrolate*/administration & dosage , Neostigmine*/adverse effects , Neostigmine*/administration & dosage , Neostigmine*/pharmacology , Heart Rate*/drug effects , Atropine*/adverse effects , Atropine*/pharmacology , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Muscarinic Antagonists*/adverse effects , Muscarinic Antagonists*/pharmacology , Muscarinic Antagonists*/administration & dosage , Cholinesterase Inhibitors*, Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Infant

Unlocking new mechanisms for future ALS therapies: early interventions with cholinergic antagonists reduce neuromuscular decline.

Autoren: Popoli R Wells TL Akay T

Quelle: Journal of neurophysiology [J Neurophysiol] 2025 Oct 01; Vol. 134 (4), pp. 1257-1272. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 27.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: American Physiological Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0375404 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1522-1598 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00223077 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Neurophysiol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis*/drug therapy , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis*/physiopathology , Diamines*/pharmacology , Diamines*/administration & dosage , Atropine*/pharmacology , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Cholinergic Antagonists*/pharmacology, Animals ; Mice ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Disease Models, Animal ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal/innervation ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Physical Conditioning, Animal

Changes in choroidal thickness and blood flow in myopic children with 0.01% atropine or orthokeratology and atropine combination therapy.

Autoren: Matsumura S Itokawa T Kawakami M et al.

Quelle: Acta ophthalmologica [Acta Ophthalmol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 103 (8), pp. 974-983. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 16.

Publikationsart: Comparative Study; Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101468102 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1755-3768 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1755375X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Ophthalmol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Choroid*/blood supply , Choroid*/diagnostic imaging , Choroid*/drug effects , Choroid*/pathology , Myopia*/diagnosis , Myopia*/pathology , Myopia*/physiopathology , Myopia*/therapy , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Orthokeratologic Procedures*/methods, Combined Modality Therapy/methods ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Mydriatics/administration & dosage ; Blood Flow Velocity/drug effects ; Blood Flow Velocity/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Regional Blood Flow/drug effects ; Regional Blood Flow/physiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Axial Length, Eye/drug effects ; Axial Length, Eye/physiopathology ; Disease Progression ; Prospective Studies ; Visual Acuity ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

Two-year changes of macular choroidal thickness in response to 0.01% atropine eye drops: Results from the myopia outcome study of atropine in children (MOSAIC) clinical trial.

Autoren: Kobia-Acquah E Lingham G Flitcroft DI et al.

Quelle: Acta ophthalmologica [Acta Ophthalmol] 2025 Dec; Vol. 103 (8), pp. 984-997. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Dec 29.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Multicenter Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101468102 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1755-3768 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1755375X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Ophthalmol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/administration & dosage , Choroid*/pathology , Choroid*/drug effects , Choroid*/diagnostic imaging , Myopia*/drug therapy , Myopia*/physiopathology , Myopia*/diagnosis , Refraction, Ocular*/physiology , Tomography, Optical Coherence*/methods , Macula Lutea*/pathology, Humans ; Child ; Female ; Male ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Adolescent ; Mydriatics/administration & dosage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Double-Blind Method ; Axial Length, Eye ; Time Factors ; Disease Progression ; Visual Acuity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Effectiveness of DIMS combined with atropine and orthokeratology in a real-world setting in China.

Autoren: Song D Chen Y Yao J et al.

Quelle: Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association [Cont Lens Anterior Eye] 2025 Dec; Vol. 48 (6), pp. 102473. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 05.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9712714 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-5411 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13670484 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cont Lens Anterior Eye Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Orthokeratologic Procedures*/methods , Atropine*/therapeutic use , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Myopia*/therapy , Myopia*/physiopathology , Contact Lenses*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; China ; Refraction, Ocular/physiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Adolescent ; Axial Length, Eye ; Mydriatics/administration & dosage ; Disease Progression ; Visual Acuity

Comparison of the influence of 1% and 0.01% atropine on the corneal topography in myopic children.

Autoren: Zhao LQ Ye LY Chen J et al.

Quelle: BMC ophthalmology [BMC Ophthalmol] 2025 Nov 18; Vol. 25 (1), pp. 650. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 18.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Comparative Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100967802 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2415 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712415 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Ophthalmol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/administration & dosage , Corneal Topography*/methods , Myopia*/drug therapy , Myopia*/physiopathology , Myopia*/diagnosis , Mydriatics*/administration & dosage , Cornea*/pathology , Cornea*/drug effects, Humans ; Child ; Female ; Male ; Refraction, Ocular/physiology ; Refraction, Ocular/drug effects ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Visual Acuity

"People are afraid of getting injections": feasibility of community-placed atropine auto-injectors in treating organophosphate poisoning in Sri Lanka.

Autoren: Wickramasinghe U Perkins JE Street A et al.

Quelle: Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) [Clin Toxicol (Phila)] 2025 Nov; Vol. 63 (11), pp. 928-934. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 23.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101241654 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1556-9519 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15563650 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Toxicol (Phila) Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Organophosphate Poisoning*/drug therapy , Organophosphate Poisoning*/epidemiology , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Insecticides*/poisoning , Antidotes*/administration & dosage, Humans ; Sri Lanka/epidemiology ; Feasibility Studies ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Rural Population ; Self Administration

Twice-daily administration improves the effectiveness of 0.01% atropine for controlling myopia in slowing axial elongation and refractive progression.

Autoren: Xu S Wang M Qu Y et al.

Quelle: Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) [Ophthalmic Physiol Opt] 2025 Nov; Vol. 45 (7), pp. 1856-1866. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 23.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Blackwell Publishers Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8208839 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1475-1313 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02755408 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/administration & dosage , Refraction, Ocular*/drug effects , Refraction, Ocular*/physiology , Myopia*/physiopathology , Myopia*/drug therapy , Myopia*/diagnosis , Axial Length, Eye*/drug effects, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Disease Progression ; Mydriatics/administration & dosage ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Follow-Up Studies ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Adolescent ; Treatment Outcome ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Response of accommodation and vergence systems to low dose atropine.

Autoren: Woodman-Pieterse EC Hughes RPJ Hopkins S et al.

Quelle: Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) [Ophthalmic Physiol Opt] 2025 Nov; Vol. 45 (7), pp. 1608-1621. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 05.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Blackwell Publishers Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8208839 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1475-1313 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02755408 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Accommodation, Ocular*/drug effects , Accommodation, Ocular*/physiology , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Convergence, Ocular*/drug effects , Convergence, Ocular*/physiology , Myopia*/physiopathology , Myopia*/drug therapy , Vision, Binocular*/drug effects , Vision, Binocular*/physiology , Mydriatics*/administration & dosage, Humans ; Young Adult ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Refraction, Ocular/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Prospective observational study of three real-world amblyopia treatments in children: clinical outcomes and predictive factors.

Autoren: Xu K Wang L Bi C

Quelle: Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie [Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 263 (11), pp. 3227-3236. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 31.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Observational Study

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 8205248 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1435-702X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0721832X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Amblyopia*/therapy , Amblyopia*/physiopathology , Amblyopia*/diagnosis , Visual Acuity*/physiology , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Depth Perception*/physiology , Sensory Deprivation* , Vision, Binocular*/physiology, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Child ; Treatment Outcome ; Child, Preschool ; Follow-Up Studies ; Mydriatics/administration & dosage ; Time Factors

Effects of topical 0.5% tropicamide and 1% atropine on pupil diameter, intraocular pressure, and tear production, in healthy pet rabbits.

Autoren: Cabrero M Guyonnet A Mercado L et al.

Quelle: Veterinary ophthalmology [Vet Ophthalmol] 2025 Nov; Vol. 28 (6), pp. 948-955. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 27.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Blackwell Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100887377 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1463-5224 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14635216 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Vet Ophthalmol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/pharmacology , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Tropicamide*/pharmacology , Tropicamide*/administration & dosage , Intraocular Pressure*/drug effects , Tears*/drug effects , Tears*/metabolism , Pupil*/drug effects , Mydriatics*/pharmacology , Mydriatics*/administration & dosage, Animals ; Rabbits/physiology ; Cross-Over Studies ; Male ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Ophthalmic Solutions/pharmacology ; Female ; Prospective Studies ; Administration, Topical

0.01% Atropine for Myopia Prevention in Pre-myopia (AMPP study).

Autoren: He M Wang H Du B et al.

Quelle: Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) [Ophthalmic Physiol Opt] 2025 Nov; Vol. 45 (7), pp. 1924-1934. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 12.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Blackwell Publishers Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8208839 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1475-1313 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02755408 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/administration & dosage , Myopia*/prevention & control , Myopia*/physiopathology , Refraction, Ocular*/physiology , Refraction, Ocular*/drug effects, Humans ; Child ; Female ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Mydriatics/administration & dosage ; Double-Blind Method ; Follow-Up Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Accommodation, Ocular/drug effects ; Disease Progression ; Axial Length, Eye ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Efficacy comparison of atropine, orthokeratology and repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Autoren: Zheng Z Jiang X Chen R et al.

Quelle: The British journal of ophthalmology [Br J Ophthalmol] 2025 Oct 23; Vol. 109 (11), pp. 1215-1220. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 23.

Publikationsart: Comparative Study; Journal Article; Network Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: BMJ Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0421041 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1468-2079 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00071161 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Br J Ophthalmol Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/therapeutic use , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Low-Level Light Therapy*/methods , Mydriatics*/therapeutic use , Mydriatics*/administration & dosage , Myopia*/therapy , Myopia*/physiopathology , Orthokeratologic Procedures*/methods , Refraction, Ocular*/physiology, Child ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Outcome

Additively manufactured microplate for the simultaneous colorimetric and electrochemical detection of atropine.

Autoren: Melo LMA Bernalte E Crapnell RD et al.

Quelle: The Analyst [Analyst] 2025 Oct 20; Vol. 150 (21), pp. 4832-4843. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 20.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0372652 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1364-5528 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00032654 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Analyst Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Colorimetry*/methods , Colorimetry*/instrumentation , Electrochemical Techniques*/methods , Electrochemical Techniques*/instrumentation , Atropine*/analysis , Atropine*/urine, Limit of Detection ; Electrodes ; Humans

Effects of weekly unilateral application of 1% atropine on reducing anisometropia in Chinese children with low myopia.

Autoren: Lu J Long W Zheng B et al.

Quelle: Journal of optometry [J Optom] 2025 Oct-Dec; Vol. 18 (4), pp. 100578. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 26.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Doyma Country of Publication: Spain NLM ID: 101482903 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1989-1342 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19891342 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Optom Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Anisometropia*/drug therapy , Anisometropia*/physiopathology , Anisometropia*/etiology , Atropine*/administration & dosage , Mydriatics*/administration & dosage , Myopia*/complications , Myopia*/physiopathology , Myopia*/drug therapy, Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Axial Length, Eye ; China/epidemiology ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Refraction, Ocular/physiology ; Refraction, Ocular/drug effects ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Visual Acuity

Therapeutic efficacy of highly aspherical lenslets combined with low-concentration atropine: A retrospective study.

Autoren: Hu G Xu Z Tao Z et al.

Quelle: Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy [Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther] 2025 Oct; Vol. 55, pp. 104779. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 23.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101226123 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-1597 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15721000 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Atropine*/administration & dosage , Myopia*/drug therapy , Myopia*/therapy , Mydriatics*/administration & dosage, Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Male ; Visual Acuity/drug effects ; Disease Progression ; Treatment Outcome