Suchergebnisse - "Alkaline Phosphatase"

Widespread promiscuous alkaline phosphatases underscore ancient microbial phosphite utilization.

Autoren: Sakuma M Konno N Gholipour S et al.

Quelle: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2025 Dec 09; Vol. 122 (49), pp. e2513042122. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 04.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/genetics , Alkaline Phosphatase*/chemistry , Phosphites*/metabolism , Bacteria*/enzymology , Bacteria*/metabolism , Bacteria*/genetics , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics, Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; Phosphates/metabolism

Involvement of impaired phosphate production and aberrant extracellular ATP signaling in the pathogenesis of hypophosphatasia: Analysis of ALPL-Knockout human iPS cell models.

Autoren: Yamazaki M Ueta A Nakanishi T et al.

Quelle: Bone [Bone] 2025 Dec; Vol. 201, pp. 117629. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 07.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8504048 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-2763 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18732763 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bone Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells*/metabolism , Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells*/pathology , Hypophosphatasia*/metabolism , Hypophosphatasia*/pathology , Hypophosphatasia*/genetics , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/genetics , Alkaline Phosphatase*/deficiency , Phosphates*/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate*/metabolism , Signal Transduction* , Models, Biological* , Extracellular Space*/metabolism, Humans ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Osteogenesis ; Cell Differentiation ; Osteoblasts/metabolism ; Osteoblasts/pathology ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics

Triple-synergistic hollow AuAg@CeO 2 plasmonic nanozymes enable rapid alkaline phosphatase detection via smartphone-integrated dual-mode biosensing.

Autoren: Tan J Ding S He L et al.

Quelle: Journal of colloid and interface science [J Colloid Interface Sci] 2025 Dec; Vol. 699 (Pt 2), pp. 138272. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 25.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0043125 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-7103 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00219797 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Colloid Interface Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Alkaline Phosphatase*/analysis , Alkaline Phosphatase*/blood , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Smartphone* , Gold*/chemistry , Cerium*/chemistry , Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Silver*/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles*/chemistry, Humans ; Colorimetry ; Surface Plasmon Resonance ; Surface Properties ; Particle Size ; Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry ; Catalysis

Modulation of TNAP activity and apatite formation in biomimetic matrix vesicles studied by ³¹ P solid-state NMR.

Autoren: Favarin BZ Nassif N Azaïs T et al.

Quelle: Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes [Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr] 2025 Dec; Vol. 1867 (8), pp. 184446. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 27.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101731713 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-2642 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00052736 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Apatites*/chemistry , Apatites*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/chemistry , Alkaline Phosphatase*/genetics, Molecular Docking Simulation ; Humans ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry ; Proteolipids/chemistry ; Proteolipids/metabolism ; Biomimetic Materials/chemistry ; Biomineralization ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Phosphatidylserines/chemistry ; Liposomes/chemistry

Selective peroxidase-like activity of ferroelectric BiFeO 3 nanozymes for sensitive alkaline phosphatase detection via a pyrophosphate-mediated inhibition-recovery cascade.

Autoren: Zhao H Zhou X Zhou Y et al.

Quelle: Mikrochimica acta [Mikrochim Acta] 2025 Nov 23; Vol. 192 (12), pp. 842. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 23.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Austria NLM ID: 7808782 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1436-5073 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00263672 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mikrochim Acta Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Alkaline Phosphatase*/analysis , Alkaline Phosphatase*/blood , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Diphosphates*/chemistry , Ferric Compounds*/chemistry , Bismuth*/chemistry , Nanoparticles*/chemistry, Colorimetry/methods ; Limit of Detection ; Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry ; Benzidines/chemistry ; Peroxidase/chemistry ; Peroxidase/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Humans ; Chromogenic Compounds/chemistry

SERS-based miniaturized biosensors for alkaline phosphatase detection: Towards intelligent, real-time diagnostics in precision medicine.

Autoren: Dhal A Aviña AE Chang CJ et al.

Quelle: Biosensors & bioelectronics [Biosens Bioelectron] 2025 Nov 15; Vol. 288, pp. 117793. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 05.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Review

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9001289 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4235 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09565663 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosens Bioelectron Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Biosensing Techniques*/instrumentation , Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Alkaline Phosphatase*/isolation & purification , Alkaline Phosphatase*/analysis , Spectrum Analysis, Raman*/methods , Spectrum Analysis, Raman*/instrumentation , Precision Medicine*/methods , Precision Medicine*/instrumentation, Humans ; Miniaturization

Evaluation of Protein-Ligand binding interactions of alkaline phosphatase inhibitors by Quantum-Mechanical methods.

Autoren: Borosky GL; INFIQC, CONICET and Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina. gabriela.borosky@unc.edu.ar.

Quelle: Journal of computer-aided molecular design [J Comput Aided Mol Des] 2025 Nov 12; Vol. 39 (2), pp. 124. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 12.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8710425 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-4951 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0920654X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Comput Aided Mol Des Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Alkaline Phosphatase*/antagonists & inhibitors , Alkaline Phosphatase*/chemistry , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors*/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors*/pharmacology, Ligands ; Humans ; Quantum Theory ; Protein Binding ; Drug Design ; Catalytic Domain ; Benzimidazoles/chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Thermodynamics ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Isoenzymes ; GPI-Linked Proteins

Dual-emissive silicon quantum dots as a ratiometric fluorogenic probe for alkaline phosphatase activity.

Autoren: You Y Li N Gao X et al.

Quelle: Mikrochimica acta [Mikrochim Acta] 2025 Nov 01; Vol. 192 (11), pp. 780. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 01.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Austria NLM ID: 7808782 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1436-5073 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00263672 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mikrochim Acta Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Quantum Dots*/chemistry , Alkaline Phosphatase*/blood , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Silicon*/chemistry , Fluorescent Dyes*/chemistry, Limit of Detection ; Nitrophenols/chemistry ; Animals ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods ; Hydrolysis ; Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry ; Biosensing Techniques/methods

An alkaline phosphatase-activatable photosensitizer based on 2-anthrol for selective targeting of cancer cells.

Autoren: Li Y Masuda Y Miyazawa Y et al.

Quelle: Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters [Bioorg Med Chem Lett] 2025 Dec 15; Vol. 129, pp. 130371. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 12.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9107377 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1464-3405 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0960894X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Photosensitizing Agents*/chemistry , Photosensitizing Agents*/pharmacology , Photosensitizing Agents*/chemical synthesis , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents*/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents*/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents*/chemical synthesis, Humans ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Light ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects

Moderate-severe aortic arch calcification and high serum alkaline phosphatase co-modify the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality among chronic hemodialysis patients.

Autoren: Chang CH Liou HH Wu CK

Quelle: Renal failure [Ren Fail] 2025 Dec; Vol. 47 (1), pp. 2449572. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jan 12.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8701128 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1525-6049 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0886022X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ren Fail Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Renal Dialysis*/adverse effects , Alkaline Phosphatase*/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic*/therapy , Kidney Failure, Chronic*/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic*/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic*/mortality , Vascular Calcification*/blood , Vascular Calcification*/etiology , Aorta, Thoracic*/pathology , Aorta, Thoracic*/diagnostic imaging , Cardiovascular Diseases*/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases*/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases*/epidemiology , Aortic Diseases*/blood, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Severity of Illness Index ; Risk Factors ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Proportional Hazards Models

TdT/Cas12a cascade amplification biosensor for sensitive ALP activity detection.

Autoren: Pei C Yan B Wang Y et al.

Quelle: The Analyst [Analyst] 2025 Nov 17; Vol. 150 (23), pp. 5330-5337. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 17.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0372652 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1364-5528 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00032654 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Analyst Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/analysis , DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase*/metabolism , DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase*/chemistry , Endodeoxyribonucleases*/metabolism , Endodeoxyribonucleases*/genetics , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , CRISPR-Associated Proteins*/metabolism , CRISPR-Associated Proteins*/genetics, Humans ; HeLa Cells ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Limit of Detection

Direct photoluminescence tuning via enzyme/nano-substrate interaction: A mechanism study and analytical applications.

Autoren: Liu Y Liang F Shi Y et al.

Quelle: Biosensors & bioelectronics [Biosens Bioelectron] 2025 Nov 15; Vol. 288, pp. 117847. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 05.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9001289 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4235 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09565663 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosens Bioelectron Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Quantum Dots*/chemistry , Quantum Dots*/ultrastructure , Alkaline Phosphatase*/chemistry , Luminescent Measurements*/methods , Organophosphorus Compounds*/analysis , Organophosphorus Compounds*/chemistry, Limit of Detection ; Carbon/chemistry ; Humans ; Phosphates/chemistry

A novel colorimetric sensor composed from alkaline phosphatase-graphene oxide nanoconjugates and enzyme induced gold nanoparticle aggregation for the detection of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside.

Autoren: Zhou L Suo Y Horvatovich P et al.

Quelle: Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy [Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc] 2025 Nov 15; Vol. 341, pp. 126433. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 19.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9602533 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-3557 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13861425 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Graphite*/chemistry , Trichothecenes*/analysis , Alkaline Phosphatase*/chemistry , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Gold*/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles*/ultrastructure , Colorimetry*/methods , Glucosides*/analysis, Limit of Detection ; Food Contamination/analysis

A unique core-shell nanoreactor sSiO 2 @CeO 2 /Pt@mSiO 2 as artificial nanozyme for ultra-sensitive detection of ascorbic acid and alkaline phosphatase activity.

Autoren: Ji T Li J Jiao C et al.

Quelle: Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy [Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc] 2025 Nov 15; Vol. 341, pp. 126459. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 22.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9602533 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-3557 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13861425 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Ascorbic Acid*/analysis , Ascorbic Acid*/blood , Alkaline Phosphatase*/analysis , Alkaline Phosphatase*/blood , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Cerium*/chemistry , Biosensing Techniques*/methods , Platinum*/chemistry , Silicon Dioxide*/chemistry, Colorimetry/methods ; Limit of Detection ; Humans ; Catalysis

Functional and In Silico Characterization of ALPL Gene Variants Reveals Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Italian Hypophosphatasia Patients.

Autoren: Casamassima G Grieco AM Biagini T et al.

Quelle: Cells [Cells] 2025 Nov 11; Vol. 14 (22). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 11.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101600052 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2073-4409 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20734409 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Hypophosphatasia*/genetics , Alkaline Phosphatase*/genetics , Alkaline Phosphatase*/chemistry , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Genetic Association Studies*, Humans ; Computer Simulation ; Italy ; Female ; Male ; Mutation/genetics ; Phenotype ; Adult

Alkaline phosphatase-responsive hydrogel for efficient management of autoimmune intraocular inflammation.

Autoren: Li Y Lin D Chen J et al.

Quelle: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society [J Control Release] 2025 Nov 10; Vol. 387, pp. 114229. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 11.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8607908 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4995 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01683659 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Control Release Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Hydrogels*/chemistry , Hydrogels*/administration & dosage , Uveitis*/drug therapy , Uveitis*/immunology , Uveitis*/pathology , Dexamethasone*/analogs & derivatives , Dexamethasone*/administration & dosage , Dexamethasone*/therapeutic use , Dexamethasone*/chemistry , Autoimmune Diseases*/drug therapy , Autoimmune Diseases*/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases*/pathology , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents*/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents*/therapeutic use, Animals ; Mice ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Intravitreal Injections ; Humans ; Female ; Cytokines ; Drug Liberation

Multifunctionally diverse alkaline phosphatases of Alteromonas drive the phosphorus cycle in the ocean.

Autoren: Saavedra DEM González JM Klaushofer K et al.

Quelle: Nature communications [Nat Commun] 2025 Nov 07; Vol. 16 (1), pp. 9789. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 07.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Nature Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101528555 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2041-1723 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20411723 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Commun Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/genetics , Phosphorus*/metabolism , Alteromonas*/enzymology , Alteromonas*/genetics , Alteromonas*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins*/genetics , Seawater*/microbiology , Seawater*/chemistry, Oceans and Seas ; Proteomics ; Phylogeny

Dopamine-Modulated Highly Oxygen-Vacancy Ce Metal-Organic Frameworks Boost Phosphatase-Catalyzed Chemiluminescence.

Autoren: Yuan H Lu H Wei W et al.

Quelle: Analytical chemistry [Anal Chem] 2025 Nov 04; Vol. 97 (43), pp. 24021-24030. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 22.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0370536 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-6882 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00032700 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Anal Chem Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Metal-Organic Frameworks*/chemistry , Metal-Organic Frameworks*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase*/chemistry , Dopamine*/chemistry , Cerium*/chemistry , Oxygen*/chemistry , Luminescent Measurements*, Imidazoles/chemistry ; Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry ; Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Polymers/chemistry ; Indoles/chemistry ; Luminescence

Revisiting the Genetics of Hypophosphatasia.

Autoren: Kishnani PS Rehder C Ozono K et al.

Quelle: Journal of inherited metabolic disease [J Inherit Metab Dis] 2025 Nov; Vol. 48 (6), pp. e70083.

Publikationsart: Journal Article; Review

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7910918 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2665 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01418955 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Inherit Metab Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Hypophosphatasia*/genetics , Hypophosphatasia*/diagnosis , Alkaline Phosphatase*/genetics, Humans ; Genetic Testing ; Genotype ; Phenotype ; Infant, Newborn ; Mutation

Investigation of experimental factors in in-capillary continuous enzyme assay to obtain plateau response by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis.

Autoren: Takayanagi T Okazaki R Gotoda K et al.

Quelle: Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry [Anal Sci] 2025 Nov; Vol. 41 (11), pp. 1791-1799. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 28.

Publikationsart: Journal Article

Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 8511078 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1348-2246 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09106340 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Anal Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

MeSH-Schlagworte: Alkaline Phosphatase*/metabolism , Enzyme Assays*/methods, Nitrophenols/metabolism ; Nitrophenols/chemistry ; Nitrophenols/analysis ; Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods ; Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism ; Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics